Exam 13: Developing an Ability to Communicate

Mitchell, Munno, and Russell (1991) found that children aged about 5 years seem to understand that listeners sometimes are able to interpret imprecise descriptions of things but they are not sensitive to:

According to Beal and Flavell (1984), children's failure to detect ambiguity in utterances is a sign that they do not:

Mitchell and Robinson (1994) investigated the relation between children's ability to evaluate a discrepant utterance and an ambiguous message. They found that:

Krauss and Glucksberg (1969) found a marked difference in descriptions given by children above and below the age of about ______ years.

Mitchell and Robinson (1990, 1992) found that children aged around 5 and 6 years ______ in trying to select a picture of "Murkor" from a set of unfamiliar cartoon characters, even though they had just admitted that they did not know who Murkor was.

According to findings reported by Mitchell, Robinson, and Thompson (1999), why do young children sometimes inappropriately interpret requests literally?

According to Mitchell and Robinson (1990), children aged around 5 years are not able to distinguish between:

In Robinson and Mitchell's (1992) study, children watched a scenario in which the speaker didn't know that some bags of material had been swapped around. When the speaker asked for the bag in the drawer, observing child participants were asked to point to the location from which the speaker really wanted the bag; the correct answer was to point to:

In Robinson and Mitchell's (1992) study, how can we be confident that children gave the right answer for the right reason?

Krauss and Glucksberg (1969) engaged children in a communication game in which they were required to describe:

According to Robinson and Whittaker (1987), children aged around 6 years tend to judge that an ambiguous message uttered by an adult is adequate because:

What was the youngest age at which Robinson and Mitchell (1992) found evidence of children interpreting an utterance nonliterally?

In the study by Mitchell, Robinson, and Thompson (1999), the speaker's request either did or did not include the phrase "I put." What effect did this have?

A study demonstrated that 3-year-olds describe a scene differently depending on whether the listener had her eyes open. The principal researcher in that study was:

Young children do not always adapt their speech to the informational needs of the listener. Piaget called this:

According to Mitchell and Robinson (1990), which of the following is a reason why children believe that they can successfully interpret an ambiguous message?

Sonnenschein's (1986) study suggests that:

Piaget identified ______ principal kinds of egocentric speech

According to Piaget, the following is a form of egocentric speech:

In the study by Beal and Flavell (1984), children performed less well in detecting ambiguity when: