Question 1

From a statistical point of view, two goals of experimental design are to

Accepted Answer

A)  increase both treatment and error variance. 
B)  increase treatment variance and reduce error variance. 
C)  increase error variance and reduce treatment variance. 
D)  reduce both treatment and error variance. 
A)  increase both treatment and error variance. 
B)  increase treatment variance and reduce error variance. 
C)  increase error variance and reduce treatment variance. 
D)  reduce both treatment and error variance. B

Question 2

In a factorial design, _________ is the amount of variance in a dependent variable that is attributable to each factor.

Accepted Answer

A)  moderation 
B)  blocking 
C)  mean square 
D)  error 
A)  moderation 
B)  blocking 
C)  mean square 
D)  error C

Question 3

Extraneous variables

Accepted Answer

A)  are related to or can influence the dependent variable but are not a focus of the research. 
B)  represent a condition of the independent variable in studies that utilize multiple stimuli. 
C)  can be considered additional control or comparison conditions. 
D)  can assess the effectiveness of a manipulation but are not themselves a focus of the study. 
A)  are related to or can influence the dependent variable but are not a focus of the research. 
B)  represent a condition of the independent variable in studies that utilize multiple stimuli. 
C)  can be considered additional control or comparison conditions. 
D)  can assess the effectiveness of a manipulation but are not themselves a focus of the study. A

Question 4

Carry-over effects in within-subjects designs are best controlled through the use of

Accepted Answer

A)  a Latin squares design. 
B)  a wash-out period. 
C)  counterbalancing. 
D)  a low-salience manipulation. 
A)  a Latin squares design. 
B)  a wash-out period. 
C)  counterbalancing. 
D)  a low-salience manipulation.

Question 5

Explain how order effects can be tested in a factorial design.

Accepted Answer

Order effects in a factorial design can

Question 6

In a between-subjects experimental design

Accepted Answer

A)  participants work in pairs or small groups to complete the experimental task. 
B)  a participant takes part in either the experimental or control condition, but not both. 
C)  the researcher uses nonrandom assignment of participants to conditions of the independent variable. 
D)  each participant takes part in both the experimental and control condition. 
A)  participants work in pairs or small groups to complete the experimental task. 
B)  a participant takes part in either the experimental or control condition, but not both. 
C)  the researcher uses nonrandom assignment of participants to conditions of the independent variable. 
D)  each participant takes part in both the experimental and control condition.

Question 7

A manipulation that participants consistently notice

Accepted Answer

A)  is high in construct validity. 
B)  is strong. 
C)  is salient. 
D)  elicits satisficing. 
A)  is high in construct validity. 
B)  is strong. 
C)  is salient. 
D)  elicits satisficing.

Question 8

Manipulation checks can be conducted

Accepted Answer

A)  as part of the informed consent process. 
B)  as part of a pilot study of the experiment. 
C)  during the conduct of the research as part of the data collection process. 
D)  b and c but not a 
A)  as part of the informed consent process. 
B)  as part of a pilot study of the experiment. 
C)  during the conduct of the research as part of the data collection process. 
D)  b and c but not a

Question 9

A drawback to the totally within-subjects factorial design is that

Accepted Answer

A)  an inordinate number of participants are required as the design gets larger and larger. 
B)  carry-over effects cannot be dealt with. 
C)  order effects must be ignored. 
D)  as the number of factors increases, so does the number of trials that each participant completes. 
A)  an inordinate number of participants are required as the design gets larger and larger. 
B)  carry-over effects cannot be dealt with. 
C)  order effects must be ignored. 
D)  as the number of factors increases, so does the number of trials that each participant completes.

Question 10

In an experiment, more than one control condition is sometimes included so that the researcher can

Accepted Answer

A)  rule out plausible alternatives to the hypothesized explanation for the effect of the independent variable. 
B)  completely test all components of a hypothesis. 
C)  create nonspecific treatment effects to supplement the effect of the independent variable. 
D)  do either a and b. 
A)  rule out plausible alternatives to the hypothesized explanation for the effect of the independent variable. 
B)  completely test all components of a hypothesis. 
C)  create nonspecific treatment effects to supplement the effect of the independent variable. 
D)  do either a and b.

Question 11

Instructional manipulation checks are used to

Accepted Answer

A)  tell participants what they will do during the experiment. 
B)  assess the extent to which participants were paying attention to the manipulation. 
C)  ensure that experimenters are giving the correct instructions to research participants. 
D)  assess the construct validity of the procedures used to manipulate the independent variable. 
A)  tell participants what they will do during the experiment. 
B)  assess the extent to which participants were paying attention to the manipulation. 
C)  ensure that experimenters are giving the correct instructions to research participants. 
D)  assess the construct validity of the procedures used to manipulate the independent variable.

Question 12

The use of counterbalancing in within-subjects designs assumes that order effects are equal regardless of the sequence in which participants experience the conditions. However, if one order (such as experimental before control) has a bigger impact than another order (such as control before experimental), a ________ effect has occurred.

Accepted Answer

A)  differential order 
B)  counterbalancing failure 
C)  fatigue sensitization 
D)  condition malleability 
A)  differential order 
B)  counterbalancing failure 
C)  fatigue sensitization 
D)  condition malleability

Question 13

You conduct a study in which introverts and extroverts are randomly assigned to work on a task while either facing a mirror or facing a blank wall. You find that that extroverts performed better than introverts and that both introverts and extroverts performed better while facing a mirror than when facing a blank wall. Which conclusion(s) is/are accurate?

Accepted Answer

A)  Although personality type is related to performance, you cannot conclude that it caused an improvement in performance. 
B)  Although the mirror/wall manipulation is related to performance, you cannot conclude that it caused an improvement in performance. 
C)  Both personality type and the mirror/wall manipulation caused an improvement in performance. 
D)  Both a and b are correct 
A)  Although personality type is related to performance, you cannot conclude that it caused an improvement in performance. 
B)  Although the mirror/wall manipulation is related to performance, you cannot conclude that it caused an improvement in performance. 
C)  Both personality type and the mirror/wall manipulation caused an improvement in performance. 
D)  Both a and b are correct

Question 14

Manipulation checks are used to assess the

Accepted Answer

A)  construct validity of the procedures used to operationally define an independent variable. 
B)  reliability of the procedures used to operationally define an independent variable. 
C)  construct validity of a measure used to operationally define a dependent variable. 
D)  reliability of procedures used to create nonspecific treatment effects for an experiment. 
A)  construct validity of the procedures used to operationally define an independent variable. 
B)  reliability of the procedures used to operationally define an independent variable. 
C)  construct validity of a measure used to operationally define a dependent variable. 
D)  reliability of procedures used to create nonspecific treatment effects for an experiment.

Question 15

Describe the characteristics of an independent variable that would allow you to test whether there is a nonlinear relationship between it and the dependent variable.

Accepted Answer

An independent variable that would allow

Question 16

Which of the following statements about a strong manipulation is FALSE?

Accepted Answer

A)  One must be careful to ensure that a manipulation is not so strong that it raises ethical issues. 
B)  Strong manipulations are usually achieved by using extreme levels of the independent variable. 
C)  One must be careful that a manipulation is not so strong that it becomes unrealistic. 
D)  Strong manipulations are often low in salience. 
A)  One must be careful to ensure that a manipulation is not so strong that it raises ethical issues. 
B)  Strong manipulations are usually achieved by using extreme levels of the independent variable. 
C)  One must be careful that a manipulation is not so strong that it becomes unrealistic. 
D)  Strong manipulations are often low in salience.

Question 17

The possibility of sensitization effects can be dealt with by

Accepted Answer

A)  counterbalancing treatment order. 
B)  using a Latin squares design. 
C)  using a between-subjects design. 
D)  a wash-out period. 
A)  counterbalancing treatment order. 
B)  using a Latin squares design. 
C)  using a between-subjects design. 
D)  a wash-out period.

Question 18

A manipulation is salient when

Accepted Answer

A)  the conditions of the independent variable are found to differentially affect behavior. 
B)  the manipulation is sufficiently clear that participants notice it. 
C)  every participant in a given condition experiences the condition in essentially the same way. 
D)  the content of the manipulation is an accurate reflection of the hypothetical construct being manipulated. 
A)  the conditions of the independent variable are found to differentially affect behavior. 
B)  the manipulation is sufficiently clear that participants notice it. 
C)  every participant in a given condition experiences the condition in essentially the same way. 
D)  the content of the manipulation is an accurate reflection of the hypothetical construct being manipulated.

Question 19

Explain how blocking can be used to control for extraneous variables in a factorial design.

Accepted Answer

Blocking in a factorial design involves

Question 20

An interaction effect in a factorial design is

Accepted Answer

A)  a type of experimenter expectancy effect that arises because of the interaction between the experimenter and the research participants. 
B)  an unanticipated effect that emerges from the study, in contrast to an effect that has been hypothesized in advance. 
C)  an outcome that occurs when two or more independent variables combine to produce an effect over and above their independent effects. 
D)  the effect that one independent variable has independently of the effect of the other independent variable. 
A)  a type of experimenter expectancy effect that arises because of the interaction between the experimenter and the research participants. 
B)  an unanticipated effect that emerges from the study, in contrast to an effect that has been hypothesized in advance. 
C)  an outcome that occurs when two or more independent variables combine to produce an effect over and above their independent effects. 
D)  the effect that one independent variable has independently of the effect of the other independent variable.

From a statistical point of view, two goals of experimental design are to

In a factorial design, _________ is the amount of variance in a dependent variable that is attributable to each factor.

Extraneous variables

Carry-over effects in within-subjects designs are best controlled through the use of

Explain how order effects can be tested in a factorial design.

In a between-subjects experimental design

A manipulation that participants consistently notice

Manipulation checks can be conducted

A drawback to the totally within-subjects factorial design is that

In an experiment, more than one control condition is sometimes included so that the researcher can

Instructional manipulation checks are used to

Manipulation checks are used to assess the

Describe the characteristics of an independent variable that would allow you to test whether there is a nonlinear relationship between it and the dependent variable.

Which of the following statements about a strong manipulation is FALSE?

The possibility of sensitization effects can be dealt with by

A manipulation is salient when

Explain how blocking can be used to control for extraneous variables in a factorial design.

An interaction effect in a factorial design is

Behavioral Science

Research Strategies: an Overview

The Ethical Treatment of Research Participants

The Professional and Social Responsibilities of Scientists

Formulating a Research Question

Developing a Measurement Strategy

The Internal Validity of Research

The External Validity of Research

Field Research

Correlational Designs

Factor Analysis, Path Analysis, and Structural Equation Modeling

The Single-Case Research Strategy

Qualitative Research and Interviewing, Rachel Kraus, Ball State University

Survey Research

Evaluation Research

Data Collection

Interpreting Research Results

Literature Reviewing

Filters

Exam 9: True Experiments

From a statistical point of view, two goals of experimental design are to

In a factorial design, _________ is the amount of variance in a dependent variable that is attributable to each factor.

Extraneous variables

Carry-over effects in within-subjects designs are best controlled through the use of

Explain how order effects can be tested in a factorial design.

In a between-subjects experimental design

A manipulation that participants consistently notice

Manipulation checks can be conducted

A drawback to the totally within-subjects factorial design is that

In an experiment, more than one control condition is sometimes included so that the researcher can

Instructional manipulation checks are used to

Manipulation checks are used to assess the

Describe the characteristics of an independent variable that would allow you to test whether there is a nonlinear relationship between it and the dependent variable.

Which of the following statements about a strong manipulation is FALSE?

The possibility of sensitization effects can be dealt with by

A manipulation is salient when

Explain how blocking can be used to control for extraneous variables in a factorial design.

An interaction effect in a factorial design is

Behavioral Science

Research Strategies: an Overview

The Ethical Treatment of Research Participants

The Professional and Social Responsibilities of Scientists

Formulating a Research Question

Developing a Measurement Strategy

The Internal Validity of Research

The External Validity of Research

Field Research

Correlational Designs

Factor Analysis, Path Analysis, and Structural Equation Modeling

The Single-Case Research Strategy

Qualitative Research and Interviewing, Rachel Kraus, Ball State University

Survey Research

Evaluation Research

Data Collection

Interpreting Research Results

Literature Reviewing

Filters