Question 1

Latent variables are

Accepted Answer

A)  measured directly, such as by having research participants fill out a set of questionnaires. 
B)  derived from a set of observed scores through the use of confirmatory factor analysis. 
C)  components of measured variables that generalize across participant populations. 
D)  the sums of participants' scores on the set of variables loading on a given factor in a factor analysis. 
A)  measured directly, such as by having research participants fill out a set of questionnaires. 
B)  derived from a set of observed scores through the use of confirmatory factor analysis. 
C)  components of measured variables that generalize across participant populations. 
D)  the sums of participants' scores on the set of variables loading on a given factor in a factor analysis. B

Question 2

The hypothesis that variable C mediates the relationship between variables A and B can be tested using

Accepted Answer

A)  the causal steps strategy. 
B)  path analysis. 
C)  structural equation modeling, 
D)  any of the above depending on the nature of the data. 
A)  the causal steps strategy. 
B)  path analysis. 
C)  structural equation modeling, 
D)  any of the above depending on the nature of the data. D

Question 3

Name and define the three approaches to testing mediational hypotheses.

Accepted Answer

The three approaches to testing mediational hypotheses are the Baron and Kenny approach, the Sobel test, and the bootstrapping method.

1. Baron and Kenny approach: This approach involves a series of regression analyses to test the mediational hypothesis. First, the independent variable is regressed on the mediator variable to establish a relationship. Then, the independent variable is regressed on the dependent variable to show a significant relationship. Finally, when both the independent variable and the mediator are included in the regression model, the mediator should significantly predict the dependent variable while the direct effect of the independent variable on the dependent variable should be reduced or become non-significant.

2. Sobel test: The Sobel test is a statistical test that assesses the significance of the indirect effect of the independent variable on the dependent variable through the mediator. It calculates a z-score to determine if the indirect effect is significantly different from zero. This approach is based on the assumption of normality and can be limited by its reliance on large sample sizes.

3. Bootstrapping method: Bootstrapping is a resampling technique that does not rely on the assumption of normality and can be used to test the significance of the indirect effect in a mediational model. This method involves repeatedly sampling from the data with replacement to create multiple samples, and then estimating the indirect effect in each sample. The distribution of these estimates is used to calculate confidence intervals and test the significance of the indirect effect.

Each of these approaches has its own strengths and limitations, and researchers should consider the specific requirements of their data and research question when choosing a method for testing mediational hypotheses.

Question 4

An observed variable is

Accepted Answer

A)  directly measured. 
B)  represented only by a factor score. 
C)  estimated statistically, but not directly measured. 
D)  used only in exploratory factor analysis. 
A)  directly measured. 
B)  represented only by a factor score. 
C)  estimated statistically, but not directly measured. 
D)  used only in exploratory factor analysis.

Question 5

A scree plot is used to

Accepted Answer

A)  determine the order in which factors should be extracted. 
B)  determine the appropriate number of factors to interpret. 
C)  visually portray the correlations between extracted factors. 
D)  visually portray the results of a factor analysis. 
A)  determine the order in which factors should be extracted. 
B)  determine the appropriate number of factors to interpret. 
C)  visually portray the correlations between extracted factors. 
D)  visually portray the results of a factor analysis.

Question 6

Exploratory factor analysis can be used to

Accepted Answer

A)  test hypotheses about the relationships among a set of variables. 
B)  condense a large number of variables into a few variables to simplify data analysis 
C)  examine the generalizability of a measure. 
D)  do any of the above. 
A)  test hypotheses about the relationships among a set of variables. 
B)  condense a large number of variables into a few variables to simplify data analysis 
C)  examine the generalizability of a measure. 
D)  do any of the above.

Question 7

Path analysis is a method for

Accepted Answer

A)  determining causal relationships using correlational data. 
B)  conducting complex exploratory factor analyses. 
C)  testing mediational hypotheses. 
D)  evaluating goodness of fit for confirmatory factor analyses. 
A)  determining causal relationships using correlational data. 
B)  conducting complex exploratory factor analyses. 
C)  testing mediational hypotheses. 
D)  evaluating goodness of fit for confirmatory factor analyses.

Question 8

Describe a study that would be analyzed using confirmatory factor analysis. What would the goals of that analysis be?

Accepted Answer

A study that would be analyzed using con

Question 9

Describe the purposes of factor analysis, distinguishing between exploratory and confirmatory factor analysis.

Accepted Answer

Factor analysis is a statistical method

Question 10

Describe the two ways factor scores can be created from the results of an exploratory factor analysis.

Accepted Answer

Factor scores can be created in two ways

Question 11

In exploratory factor analysis, factor extraction

Accepted Answer

A)  determines the number of factors to be interpreted. 
B)  creates an initial set of factors from the raw data. 
C)  clarifies the content of factors following factor extraction. 
D)  identifies and eliminates outliers from the data set. 
A)  determines the number of factors to be interpreted. 
B)  creates an initial set of factors from the raw data. 
C)  clarifies the content of factors following factor extraction. 
D)  identifies and eliminates outliers from the data set.

Question 12

List two ways alternative models can be ruled out in path analysis and structural equation modeling other than directly testing those models.

Accepted Answer

In path analysis and structural equation

Question 13

Which of the following statements about path analysis and structural equation modeling is/are TRUE?

Accepted Answer

A)  If all relevant variables are not included in the model, then the results of the analysis might be misleading. 
B)  In general, path models and structural equation models do not take interactions between variables into account. 
C)  There can be more than one model that will fit a given data set equally well. 
D)  All of the above are true. 
A)  If all relevant variables are not included in the model, then the results of the analysis might be misleading. 
B)  In general, path models and structural equation models do not take interactions between variables into account. 
C)  There can be more than one model that will fit a given data set equally well. 
D)  All of the above are true.

Question 14

Which of the following statements about oblique rotation in exploratory factor analysis is TRUE?

Accepted Answer

A)  Although oblique rotation is a classic technique, it is rarely used any more. 
B)  Oblique rotation creates a set of factors that can be correlated with one another if that is consistent with the data. 
C)  Oblique rotation is best used when multicollinearity might be an issue in the data set. 
D)  Oblique rotation creates a set of factors that are uncorrelated with one another. 
A)  Although oblique rotation is a classic technique, it is rarely used any more. 
B)  Oblique rotation creates a set of factors that can be correlated with one another if that is consistent with the data. 
C)  Oblique rotation is best used when multicollinearity might be an issue in the data set. 
D)  Oblique rotation creates a set of factors that are uncorrelated with one another.

Question 15

What is the purpose of creating a scree plot in exploratory factor analysis?

Accepted Answer

A scree plot is a graphical representati

Question 16

You hypothesize that gender of research participant MODERATES the relationship between peer pressure to conform and conformity to group norms. Of the following designs, which would be the most appropriate to use to test your hypothesis?

Accepted Answer

A)  one-way analysis of variance (ANOV
A)  
B)  path analysis 
C)  quasi-experiment 
D)  factorial ANOVA 
A)  one-way analysis of variance (ANOV
A)  
B)  path analysis 
C)  quasi-experiment 
D)  factorial ANOVA

Question 17

Which of the following statements about exploratory factor analysis is TRUE?

Accepted Answer

A)  Multicollinearity is a problem for exploratory factor analysis just as it is for multiple regression analysis. 
B)  Participant sample size is not an issue in exploratory factor analysis. 
C)  Unlike multiple regression analysis, it is desirable to have several outliers in the data for an exploratory factor analysis. 
D)  There is only one generally accepted way to conduct an exploratory factor analysis. 
A)  Multicollinearity is a problem for exploratory factor analysis just as it is for multiple regression analysis. 
B)  Participant sample size is not an issue in exploratory factor analysis. 
C)  Unlike multiple regression analysis, it is desirable to have several outliers in the data for an exploratory factor analysis. 
D)  There is only one generally accepted way to conduct an exploratory factor analysis.

Question 18

Factor analysis is a

Accepted Answer

A)  form of experimental design in which the experimenter manipulates two or more independent variables but does not propose any specific hypotheses. 
B)  statistical technique that can be applied to a set of variables to identify clusters of variables that correlate with each other but that are relatively uncorrelated with the variables in the other clusters. 
C)  statistical analysis used to test hypotheses about which dimensions the items in a set of items will load on. 
D)  study in which the independent variable is manipulated but research participants are not randomly assigned to conditions of the independent variable. 
A)  form of experimental design in which the experimenter manipulates two or more independent variables but does not propose any specific hypotheses. 
B)  statistical technique that can be applied to a set of variables to identify clusters of variables that correlate with each other but that are relatively uncorrelated with the variables in the other clusters. 
C)  statistical analysis used to test hypotheses about which dimensions the items in a set of items will load on. 
D)  study in which the independent variable is manipulated but research participants are not randomly assigned to conditions of the independent variable.

Question 19

What is structural equation modeling? Why would a researcher use this type of statistical analysis?

Accepted Answer

Structural equation modeling (SEM) is a

Question 20

Define parallel analysis and explain why a researcher would conduct this type of analysis.

Accepted Answer

Parallel analysis is a statistical metho

Latent variables are

The hypothesis that variable C mediates the relationship between variables A and B can be tested using

Name and define the three approaches to testing mediational hypotheses.

An observed variable is

A scree plot is used to

Exploratory factor analysis can be used to

Path analysis is a method for

Describe a study that would be analyzed using confirmatory factor analysis. What would the goals of that analysis be?

Describe the purposes of factor analysis, distinguishing between exploratory and confirmatory factor analysis.

Describe the two ways factor scores can be created from the results of an exploratory factor analysis.

In exploratory factor analysis, factor extraction

List two ways alternative models can be ruled out in path analysis and structural equation modeling other than directly testing those models.

Which of the following statements about path analysis and structural equation modeling is/are TRUE?

Which of the following statements about oblique rotation in exploratory factor analysis is TRUE?

What is the purpose of creating a scree plot in exploratory factor analysis?

You hypothesize that gender of research participant MODERATES the relationship between peer pressure to conform and conformity to group norms. Of the following designs, which would be the most appropriate to use to test your hypothesis?

Which of the following statements about exploratory factor analysis is TRUE?

Factor analysis is a

What is structural equation modeling? Why would a researcher use this type of statistical analysis?

Define parallel analysis and explain why a researcher would conduct this type of analysis.

Behavioral Science

Research Strategies: an Overview

The Ethical Treatment of Research Participants

The Professional and Social Responsibilities of Scientists

Formulating a Research Question

Developing a Measurement Strategy

The Internal Validity of Research

The External Validity of Research

True Experiments

Field Research

Correlational Designs

The Single-Case Research Strategy

Qualitative Research and Interviewing, Rachel Kraus, Ball State University

Survey Research

Evaluation Research

Data Collection

Interpreting Research Results

Literature Reviewing

Filters

Exam 12: Factor Analysis, Path Analysis, and Structural Equation Modeling

Latent variables are

The hypothesis that variable C mediates the relationship between variables A and B can be tested using

Name and define the three approaches to testing mediational hypotheses.

An observed variable is

A scree plot is used to

Exploratory factor analysis can be used to

Path analysis is a method for

Describe a study that would be analyzed using confirmatory factor analysis. What would the goals of that analysis be?

Describe the purposes of factor analysis, distinguishing between exploratory and confirmatory factor analysis.

Describe the two ways factor scores can be created from the results of an exploratory factor analysis.

In exploratory factor analysis, factor extraction

List two ways alternative models can be ruled out in path analysis and structural equation modeling other than directly testing those models.

Which of the following statements about path analysis and structural equation modeling is/are TRUE?

Which of the following statements about oblique rotation in exploratory factor analysis is TRUE?

What is the purpose of creating a scree plot in exploratory factor analysis?

You hypothesize that gender of research participant MODERATES the relationship between peer pressure to conform and conformity to group norms. Of the following designs, which would be the most appropriate to use to test your hypothesis?

Which of the following statements about exploratory factor analysis is TRUE?

Factor analysis is a

What is structural equation modeling? Why would a researcher use this type of statistical analysis?

Define parallel analysis and explain why a researcher would conduct this type of analysis.

Behavioral Science

Research Strategies: an Overview

The Ethical Treatment of Research Participants

The Professional and Social Responsibilities of Scientists

Formulating a Research Question

Developing a Measurement Strategy

The Internal Validity of Research

The External Validity of Research

True Experiments

Field Research

Correlational Designs

The Single-Case Research Strategy

Qualitative Research and Interviewing, Rachel Kraus, Ball State University

Survey Research

Evaluation Research

Data Collection

Interpreting Research Results

Literature Reviewing

Filters