Exam 6: Learning Criminal Behavior

If socialization in small groups provides an excess of definitions favorable to law violation, the implication for prevention is to keep young and impressionable individuals away from such groups as well as educate and train them to resist the messages of such groups.

Neutralization theory states that self-censure for cruel conduct can be disengaged by dehumanization that strips people of human qualities. Once dehumanized, they are no longer viewed as persons with feelings, hopes and concerns but as subhuman objects.

Sykes and Matza classified excuses and justifications that provide a moral release into multiple types, which they called 'techniques of neutralization.' In the technique of ___________, some offenders may claim that although someone got hurt, s/he deserved it.

According to ____________ theory, the primary learning mechanism occurs in association with others. Those we are in close association and interaction with, usually through informal small groups, such as parents, family, friends, and peers, are most responsible for what we learn.

Emergent interactive agency occurs not through linear causation but through triadic reciprocal causation, such that there is reciprocal causality between:

Moral disengagement theory states that individuals use psychological maneuvers or mechanisms for disengaging moral control.

According to differential association theory, both criminal and anti-criminal associations can be affected by ______________ which refers to the length of exposure to particular behavioral patterns.

The central idea behind ____________ theory is that the excuses and justifications that deviants use to rationalize their behaviors might themselves be implicated in the etiology of deviant behavior.

According to differential association theory, both criminal and anti-criminal associations can be affected by ______________ which refers to the prestige or status of those manifesting the observed behavior.

Neutralization theory states that, unlike rationalizations which come after an act to avoid culpability and consequences, and verbalizations that come after contemplating an act to allow oneself to commit it, neutralizations come before an act is even contemplated.

According to neutralization theory, people learn from others not just directly by being punished or rewarded but also through observation of others' behavior and through mass-mediated images of others' behavior.

Albert Bandura uses the term ___________ to refer to the idea that persons are neither autonomous agents nor simply mechanical conveyers of animating environmental influences.

According to ____________ theory, individuals have differences in their support history with respect to being rewarded and punished: for some, being rewarded for minor rule breaking can lead to more serious law violation; for others, being punished may be interpreted as 'attention receiving,' and rather than reducing the tendency toward crime, punishment can actually increase it.

____________ theory states that individuals use psychological maneuvers or mechanisms for disengaging moral control.

Sykes and Matza classified excuses and justifications that provide a moral release into multiple types, which they called 'techniques of neutralization.' In the technique of ___________, the extent of harm caused is minimized or negated. Offenders may deny that anyone or anything was harmed by their action.

Sykes and Matza classified excuses and justifications that provide a moral release into multiple types, which they called 'techniques of neutralization.' In the technique of ___________, there is the belief that a special reward is deserved due to the sacrifices that have been made.

The central idea behind ____________ theory is that the excuses and justifications that deviants use to rationalize their behaviors might themselves be implicated in the etiology of deviant behavior.

Sykes and Matza classified excuses and justifications that provide a moral release into multiple types, which they called 'techniques of neutralization.' In the technique of ___________, offenders claim their questioned behavior was not in their control, or that it was accidental. Offenders may list reasons such as alcohol, peer pressure, bad neighborhood, and so on that caused them to commit the act.

With regard to neutralization theory, Sykes and Matza classified excuses and justifications that provide a moral release into five types, which they called 'techniques of neutralization.' What are these techniques? Please list and briefly describe each.

According to differential association theory, both criminal and anti-criminal associations can be affected by ______________ which refers to how early this is learned in life.