Exam 6: Learning Criminal Behavior

Sykes and Matza classified excuses and justifications that provide a moral release into multiple types, which they called techniques of neutralization. In the technique of 'appealing to higher loyalties,' many offenders argue that their loyalties lie with their peers, and that the group has needs that take precedence over societal moral demands.

According to ____________ theory, people learn from others not just directly by being punished or rewarded but also through observation of others' behavior and through mass-mediated images of others' behavior.

Sykes and Matza classified excuses and justifications that provide a moral release into multiple types, which they called 'techniques of neutralization.' The technique of ___________, involves negating the right of others to pass judgment. Offenders may reject the people who have authority over them, such as judges, parents, and police officers, who are viewed as being just as corrupt and thus not worthy of respect.

According to ____________ theory, the primary learning mechanism occurs in association with others. Those we are in close association and interaction with, usually through informal small groups, such as parents, family, friends, and peers, are most responsible for what we learn.

___________ theory argues that rather than delinquency and mainstream culture being separate, mainstream culture has an underbelly of 'subterranean values' that exist side by side with conventional values.

Sykes and Matza classified excuses and justifications that provide a moral release into five types, which they called 'techniques of neutralization.' In one technique, denial of victim, the extent of harm caused is minimized or negated. Offenders may deny that anyone or anything was harmed by their action.

According to differential association theory, both criminal and anti-criminal associations can be affected by ______________ which refers to how often one interacts with groups encouraging the behavior in question.

Albert Bandura states that there are four elements in observational learning that comprise a series of subprocesses. __________ involve(s) perception, arousal, and awareness-"Attentional processes determine what people observe in the profusion of modeling influences and what information they extract from what they notice."

Donald Cressey, in a study of the 'respectable' crime of embezzlement, found that the following element(s) were necessary for a violation of financial trust to occur:

Sykes and Matza classified excuses and justifications that provide a moral release into multiple types, which they called 'techniques of neutralization.' In the technique of ___________, offenders claim their questioned behavior was not in their control, or that it was accidental. Offenders may list reasons such as alcohol, peer pressure, bad neighborhood, and so on that caused them to commit the act.

With regard to moral disengagement theory, Albert Bandura states that individuals use psychological maneuvers or mechanisms for disengaging moral control. He identifies two types of maneuvers or mechanism. What are they? Please list and describe each.

There are two basic elements to understanding Sutherland's social learning theory. Please list and describe them both.

Albert Bandura argues that people learn from others not just directly by being punished or rewarded but also through observation of others' behavior and through mass-mediated images of others' behavior. He states that there are four elements in observational learning that comprise a series of subprocesses. Please list and describe these elements.

Albert Bandura states that there are four elements in observational learning that comprise a series of subprocesses. __________ involves physical capability and skills-"Symbolic conceptions are translated into appropriate courses of action."

Differential association may ________________.