Exam 3: Appearance and Reality in Ancient India

Against the Buddhists, the school develops the notion of inherence to explain how

The Buddha's teachings are where the notions of karma and rebirth first appear in ancient India.

argues that because the eyes cannot perceive an object through touch, and fingers cannot perceive an object through sight, the experience that I touch what I saw is an illusion.

Explain the doctrine of karma that is common to both the Upaniṣads and Buddhism. Contrast their respective accounts of how karma and rebirth operate. Which of the two accounts do you find more justified, and do you ultimately agree with either? Why or why not?

How do Vaiśeṣika and Nyāya argue from the existence of external substances to the existence of a substantial self?

For the Buddha, one's intentions determine the moral quality of one's action.

How are attributes different from universals in the Vaiśeṣika system? Use an example to illustrate the difference.