Question 1

Sherrington studied ____,which are automatic muscular responses to stimuli.​

Accepted Answer

A) instincts 
B) ​reflexes 
C) ​inhibitions 
D) aversions 
A) instincts 
B) ​reflexes 
C) ​inhibitions 
D) aversions B

Question 2

A receptor can directly open a channel and thereby exert a(n)____ effect,or it can produce slower but longer ____ effects.​

Accepted Answer

A) gated; metabotropic 
B) ​ionotropic; gated 
C) ​metabotropic; ionotropic 
D) ionotropic; metabotropic 
A) gated; metabotropic 
B) ​ionotropic; gated 
C) ​metabotropic; ionotropic 
D) ionotropic; metabotropic D

Question 3

What determines whether a neuron has an action potential?​

Accepted Answer

A) only the number of EPSPs impinging on an axon 
B) ​only the number of IPSPs impinging on the dendrites 
C) ​the combined effects of EPSPs and IPSPs 
D) summation effects of IPSPs 
A) only the number of EPSPs impinging on an axon 
B) ​only the number of IPSPs impinging on the dendrites 
C) ​the combined effects of EPSPs and IPSPs 
D) summation effects of IPSPs C

Question 4

A temporary hyperpolarization is known as an ____.​

Accepted Answer

A) EPSP 
B) ​IPSP 
C) ​ISPS 
D) EPIP 
A) EPSP 
B) ​IPSP 
C) ​ISPS 
D) EPIP

Question 5

What ordinarily prevents extensor muscles from contracting at the same time as flexor muscles?​

Accepted Answer

A) the ligaments and tendons that bind them together 
B) ​learned patterns of coordination in the cerebral cortex 
C) ​inhibitory synapses in the spinal cord 
D) control of both muscles by different branches of the same axon 
A) the ligaments and tendons that bind them together 
B) ​learned patterns of coordination in the cerebral cortex 
C) ​inhibitory synapses in the spinal cord 
D) control of both muscles by different branches of the same axon

Question 6

After one frog's heart has been stimulated,an extract of fluid from that heart can make a second frog's heart beat faster.What conclusion did Otto Loewi draw from these results?​

Accepted Answer

A) Transmission at synapses is a chemical event. 
B) ​The sympathetic and parasympathetic nervous systems are antagonistic. 
C) ​Transmission at heart muscle synapses is electrical. 
D) Hormones facilitate the actions of the nervous system. 
A) Transmission at synapses is a chemical event. 
B) ​The sympathetic and parasympathetic nervous systems are antagonistic. 
C) ​Transmission at heart muscle synapses is electrical. 
D) Hormones facilitate the actions of the nervous system.

Question 7

Charles S.Sherrington was the first to infer the properties of ____.​

Accepted Answer

A) synapses 
B) ​the refractory period 
C) ​the sodium-potassium pump 
D) dendrites and axons 
A) synapses 
B) ​the refractory period 
C) ​the sodium-potassium pump 
D) dendrites and axons

Question 8

Reuptake is an alternative to which other process?​

Accepted Answer

A) recycling of neurotransmitters 
B) ​breaking down neurotransmitters via an enzymatic process 
C) ​absorbing neurotransmitters by postsynaptic neurons 
D) re-releasing neurotransmitters from postsynaptic neurons 
A) recycling of neurotransmitters 
B) ​breaking down neurotransmitters via an enzymatic process 
C) ​absorbing neurotransmitters by postsynaptic neurons 
D) re-releasing neurotransmitters from postsynaptic neurons

Question 9

Depolarization is to ____ as hyperpolarization is to ____.​

Accepted Answer

A) excitation; inhibition 
B) ​inhibition; excitation 
C) ​increasing the threshold; decreasing the threshold 
D) decreasing the threshold; increasing the threshold 
A) excitation; inhibition 
B) ​inhibition; excitation 
C) ​increasing the threshold; decreasing the threshold 
D) decreasing the threshold; increasing the threshold

Question 10

Spatial summation refers to ____.​

Accepted Answer

A) multiple weak stimulations that occur in rapid succession 
B) ​a decrease in responsiveness after repeated stimulation 
C) ​multiple weak stimulations that occur at the same time 
D) an increase in the strength of action potentials after repeated stimulation 
A) multiple weak stimulations that occur in rapid succession 
B) ​a decrease in responsiveness after repeated stimulation 
C) ​multiple weak stimulations that occur at the same time 
D) an increase in the strength of action potentials after repeated stimulation

Question 11

What makes nitric oxide unique among neurotransmitters?​

Accepted Answer

A) It is released before the action potential occurs. 
B) ​It is taken back up into the presynaptic neuron. 
C) ​It is a gas. 
D) It is an organelle. 
A) It is released before the action potential occurs. 
B) ​It is taken back up into the presynaptic neuron. 
C) ​It is a gas. 
D) It is an organelle.

Question 12

Which statement is TRUE about the spontaneous firing rates of neurons?​

Accepted Answer

A) EPSPs increase the frequency. 
B) ​EPSPs decrease the frequency. 
C) ​IPSPs increase the frequency. 
D) One EPSP equals the effect of two IPSPs. 
A) EPSPs increase the frequency. 
B) ​EPSPs decrease the frequency. 
C) ​IPSPs increase the frequency. 
D) One EPSP equals the effect of two IPSPs.

Question 13

Which one of Sherrington's inferences about the synapse was WRONG?​

Accepted Answer

A) Transmission at a synapse is slower than transmission of impulses along an axon. 
B) ​Transmission at the synapse is primarily an electrical process. 
C) ​Synapses can be either excitatory or inhibitory. 
D) Synapses make spatial summation and temporal summation possible. 
A) Transmission at a synapse is slower than transmission of impulses along an axon. 
B) ​Transmission at the synapse is primarily an electrical process. 
C) ​Synapses can be either excitatory or inhibitory. 
D) Synapses make spatial summation and temporal summation possible.

Question 14

What causes an EPSP?​

Accepted Answer

A) the deactivation of cytoplasmic enzymes 
B) ​the opening of sodium channels 
C) ​the opening of potassium channels 
D) the deactivation of stress response pathways 
A) the deactivation of cytoplasmic enzymes 
B) ​the opening of sodium channels 
C) ​the opening of potassium channels 
D) the deactivation of stress response pathways

Question 15

The main advantage of a neuron releasing more than one neurotransmitter is that:​

Accepted Answer

A) if it runs out of one, it has others 
B) ​it can release different transmitters on different occasions 
C) ​it can send more complex messages 
D) it can release one from the axon's terminal and one from another location along the axon 
A) if it runs out of one, it has others 
B) ​it can release different transmitters on different occasions 
C) ​it can send more complex messages 
D) it can release one from the axon's terminal and one from another location along the axon

Question 16

Describe the main properties of neuropeptides (neuromodulators).​

Accepted Answer

Researchers often refer to the neuropept

Question 17

Adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH)controls secretions of the ____.​

Accepted Answer

A) gonads 
B) ​mammary glands 
C) ​thyroid gland 
D) adrenal cortex 
A) gonads 
B) ​mammary glands 
C) ​thyroid gland 
D) adrenal cortex

Question 18

To measure temporal summation in single cells,researchers ____.​

Accepted Answer

A) attach electrodes to the scalp 
B) ​insert an microelectrode into the scalp 
C) ​collect sodium and potassium ions from nearby glial cells 
D) record depolarizations of the postsynaptic neuron 
A) attach electrodes to the scalp 
B) ​insert an microelectrode into the scalp 
C) ​collect sodium and potassium ions from nearby glial cells 
D) record depolarizations of the postsynaptic neuron

Question 19

Which process is more typical of a metabotropic effect than an ionotropic effect?​

Accepted Answer

A) producing inhibitory effects on the postsynaptic cell 
B) ​influencing the speed of conduction by the postsynaptic cell 
C) ​producing long-lasting effects on the post-synaptic cell 
D) controlling sensory processes 
A) producing inhibitory effects on the postsynaptic cell 
B) ​influencing the speed of conduction by the postsynaptic cell 
C) ​producing long-lasting effects on the post-synaptic cell 
D) controlling sensory processes

Question 20

The effect of a neurotransmitter on a postsynaptic neuron is determined by the ____.​

Accepted Answer

A) speed the action potential traveled down the axon 
B) ​number of branches of the presynaptic axon 
C) ​receptors on the postsynaptic membrane 
D) distance between the synapse and the cell body 
A) speed the action potential traveled down the axon 
B) ​number of branches of the presynaptic axon 
C) ​receptors on the postsynaptic membrane 
D) distance between the synapse and the cell body

Sherrington studied ____,which are automatic muscular responses to stimuli.

A receptor can directly open a channel and thereby exert a(n) effect,or it can produce slower but longer effects.

What determines whether a neuron has an action potential?

A temporary hyperpolarization is known as an ____.

What ordinarily prevents extensor muscles from contracting at the same time as flexor muscles?

After one frog's heart has been stimulated,an extract of fluid from that heart can make a second frog's heart beat faster.What conclusion did Otto Loewi draw from these results?

Charles S.Sherrington was the first to infer the properties of ____.

Reuptake is an alternative to which other process?

Depolarization is to as hyperpolarization is to .

Spatial summation refers to ____.

What makes nitric oxide unique among neurotransmitters?

Which statement is TRUE about the spontaneous firing rates of neurons?

Which one of Sherrington's inferences about the synapse was WRONG?

What causes an EPSP?

The main advantage of a neuron releasing more than one neurotransmitter is that:

Describe the main properties of neuropeptides (neuromodulators).

Adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH)controls secretions of the ____.

To measure temporal summation in single cells,researchers ____.

Which process is more typical of a metabotropic effect than an ionotropic effect?

The effect of a neurotransmitter on a postsynaptic neuron is determined by the ____.

Nerve Cells and Nerve Impulses

Anatomy and Research Methods

Genetics, evolution, development, and Plasticity

Vision

Other Sensory Systems

Movement

Wakefulness and Sleep

Internal Regulation

Reproductive Behaviors

Emotional Behaviors

The Biology of Learning and Memory

Cognitive Functions

Psychological Disorders

Appendix A: Brief, basic Chemistry

Filters

Exam 2: Synapses