Exam 3: Basic Logical Concepts

All valid arguments have true premises.

An inductive generalization is an argument in which a generalization is claimed to be probably true based on information about some members of a particular class.

Denying the antecedent is a valid mode of reasoning.

Some arguments are neither deductive nor inductive.

If an argument contains the indicator words probably or likely, it is most likely an inductive argument.

"All Emmy winners have been models. Thus, it is likely that the next Emmy winner will be a model." This illustrates a(n) _____.

A valid argument must _____.

"Some people like sardines. Some people like pistachio ice cream. It stands to reason, therefore, that some people must like sardines on their pistachio ice cream." This illustrates a(n) _____.

Which of the following arguments rests on evidence that some percentage of some group has some particular characteristic?

"Jennifer was a brunette when she was a freshman, and she was a blonde when she was a sophomore. So, it is likely that she will be a redhead when she is a junior." This illustrates a(n) _____.

An analogy is a comparison of two or more things that are claimed to be alike in some relevant respect.

The _____ says that when interpreting an unclear argument or passage, we should always give the speaker or writer the benefit of the doubt.

"If Toronto is a city in Mexico, then Toronto is south of the border. Toronto is a city in Mexico. So, Toronto is south of the border." This illustrates a(n) _____.

No strong arguments have any false premises.

_____ have the following pattern: If A then B; not B; therefore, not A.

_____ arguments have the following pattern: If A then B; not A; therefore, not B.

Denying the antecedent is a type of hypothetical syllogism.

Modus tollens is a logically reliable pattern of deductive reasoning.

"Either Sally is dating Sturdley or Sally is dating Vernon. But Sally isn't dating Sturdley, because Sally won't date anyone with a tattoo, and Sturdley has a large tattoo of a rat on his right forearm. So, Sally is dating Vernon." This illustrates a(n) _____.

"The last three students who had perfect scores on Professor Blanchard's calculus final were all lacrosse players. Therefore, the next student who makes a perfect score on Professor Blanchard's calculus final will be a chess player." This illustrates a(n) _____.