Exam 10: Psychosocial Development in Early Childhood

Aggression aimed at damaging or interfering with another person's relationships, reputation, or psychological well-being is known as

Children with ________ tend to attribute failure or disappointment to factors outside themselves or to the need to try harder.

Amber, a 5-year-old girl, plays with racing cars and bikes. However, she is aware that her gender will not change because of her preferences and that she will remain a girl throughout her life. In the context of Kohlberg's cognitive-developmental theory, which of the following is described in this scenario?

Girls tend to be more strongly gender-socialized concerning play preferences than boys.

In the context of theories of gender development, which of the following is true of Albert Bandura's social cognitive theory?

The theory of sexual selection states that the selection of sexual partners is a response to the differing reproductive pressures early men and women confronted in the struggle for survival.

Reinforcing a child's positive behavior through praise is an example of using an internal reinforcement.

Sam is 30 months old. He is becoming aware that he is a boy and that boys play with trucks but not with dolls. This process by which Sam first acquires the features of his gender role is referred to as

Tiffany, a 5-year-old girl, prefers boys as her playmates and likes to play with boys' toys. Her worried parents consult a child psychologist. The psychologist informs them that Tiffany has high prenatal levels of male sex hormones. He tells them that prenatal exposure in utero is the reason for Tiffany's behavior. In the context of gender development, Tiffany is most likely suffering from which of the following?

Describe inductive reasoning, power assertion, and withdrawal of love.

________ are directed toward the self and include guilt, shame, and pride.

Brandon, a 4-year-old boy, watches other children play, talks to other children, and makes suggestions about their games. However, he does not enter into the play. In the context of Parten's categories of social and nonsocial play, which of the following types of play is described in this scenario?

Five-year-old Lakeem has been imitating his father closely. Lakeem's father has a successful construction business, and Lakeem proudly wears his father's company hat everywhere. Freud's psychoanalytic approach would describe Lakeem's dress preference as a sign of his

Children with contingent self-esteem try new strategies until they find one that works.

The tendency of children to select same-sex playmates is known as gender segregation.

________, associated with Lawrence Kohlberg, proposes that gender knowledge precedes gendered behavior.

In the context of gender development, which of the following is true of the disorder called congenital adrenal hyperplasia (CAH)?

The motivation to help others without expectation of reward that often involves self-denial or self-sacrifice is known as

Which of the following is an example of functional play?

Describe the four levels of play and give an example for each of the four levels.