Exam 8: A: Cognition and Language

One hypothesis about language is that humans evolved language as an accidental by-product of evolving overall intelligence.What evidence argues against that hypothesis?​

People usually identify a letter more accurately when it is part of a word than when it is presented by itself.This is known as the _____ _____ effect.​

​People are most likely to be overconfident of their answers when they are answering highly difficult questions.

Individuals sometimes face a choice among a huge number of options.For example,when you go to a library to check out a book,do you go through every book to find the perfect book for your mood or do you browse several books until you find one that looks interesting? People generally follow two strategies: maximizing and satisficing.Define each term and describe which of the above scenarios goes with each.

If a stroke causes inarticulate speech and difficulty using and understanding grammatical devices,the condition is known as __________ aphasia.

The condition marked by surprisingly good language despite mental retardation in several other regards is _________ syndrome.​

If you quickly answer an easy question (or one you assume is easy)without giving it much thought,you are using System ___.​

​Certain items catch your attention just as fast in the midst of many distractors as if there were few or none.

​When people imagine whether one object could rotate to match another object,we can use a graph to predict how long they will think about it before answering.

Thinking about a concept will activate,or prime,the concepts linked to it through a process called __________ activation.​

​People with Wernicke's aphasia speak fluently and grammatically,but they have trouble remembering the names of objects,and their language comprehension is poor.

Anyone who devotes 10,000 hours to practicing something will become an expert at it.

Define the concept of heuristics.In addition,define availability heuristic and representative heuristic and give an example of each type of heuristic.

​How fast young children progress through stages of language development depends mainly on how often they hear their parents and other people talking.

If a stroke causes poor speech comprehension and poor ability to remember nouns,despite fluent and grammatical speech,the condition is known as __________ aphasia.

​One type of brain damage impairs language comprehension and another impairs language production.

When you carefully attend to a question,using mathematical calculations or carefully evaluating the evidence,you are using System ___.​

The nonhuman species that has shown the greatest progress in learning human-type communication is the _____.​

​It is easier to read a briefly presented letter that is part of a word than the same letter in isolation.

Expert chess players and beginners study a chessboard for five seconds and are then asked to recall the position of the pieces on the board.Regardless of how the pieces are arranged,experts demonstrate significantly better memory than the beginners.