Question 1

One of the two conditions necessary for classical conditioning to occur is that the conditional stimulus must occur regularly when the unconditional stimulus is absent.

Accepted Answer

A) True 
 B)False

Question 2

In a fixed-ratio schedule, reinforcement is delivered after a fixed number of responses is emitted.

Accepted Answer

A) True 
 B)False

Question 3

Phobias may be acquired by

Accepted Answer

A)  associating an object with fear or pain early in life. 
B)  associating a negative CS with a positive UCS. 
C)  excessive punishment for voicing one's fears. 
D)  being deprived of an object that one truly desires. 
E)  failing to associate a CS with a UCS. 
A)  associating an object with fear or pain early in life. 
B)  associating a negative CS with a positive UCS. 
C)  excessive punishment for voicing one's fears. 
D)  being deprived of an object that one truly desires. 
E)  failing to associate a CS with a UCS.

Question 4

__________ is a conditioned reinforcer.

Accepted Answer

A)  A slap 
B)  Food 
C)  A gold star 
D)  A fire 
E)  Hunger 
A)  A slap 
B)  Food 
C)  A gold star 
D)  A fire 
E)  Hunger

Question 5

Which of the following statements is TRUE?

Accepted Answer

A)  Positive reinforcement increases the frequency of responding over time; negative reinforcement decreases it. 
B)  Both negative and positive reinforcement increases the frequency of responding over time. 
C)  The withdrawing of a negative reinforcer is called punishment. 
D)  Negative reinforcement increases response variability. 
E)  Negative reinforcement and response costs decrease the frequency of responding over time. 
A)  Positive reinforcement increases the frequency of responding over time; negative reinforcement decreases it. 
B)  Both negative and positive reinforcement increases the frequency of responding over time. 
C)  The withdrawing of a negative reinforcer is called punishment. 
D)  Negative reinforcement increases response variability. 
E)  Negative reinforcement and response costs decrease the frequency of responding over time.

Question 6

Suppose that you are in your bedroom studying for a test that you have tomorrow. Somebody in an adjacent room turns the television on. At first you are distracted by the sound coming from it, but before too long you don't even realize that it is still on. You have

Accepted Answer

A)  habituated to the sounds coming from the television. 
B)  consciously blocked out the sounds. 
C)  focused intensely on your notes and text. 
D)  rewarded yourself for studying hard under difficult conditions. 
E)  displayed selective attention toward your material to be tested. 
A)  habituated to the sounds coming from the television. 
B)  consciously blocked out the sounds. 
C)  focused intensely on your notes and text. 
D)  rewarded yourself for studying hard under difficult conditions. 
E)  displayed selective attention toward your material to be tested.

Question 7

The rats in Garcia and Koelling's study avoided drinking water after they first experienced a pairing of

Accepted Answer

A)  bright-noisy water and illness. 
B)  saccharine-flavoured water and electric shock. 
C)  lemon-flavoured water and illness. 
D)  saccharine-flavoured water and illness. 
E)  bright-noisy water and electric shock. 
A)  bright-noisy water and illness. 
B)  saccharine-flavoured water and electric shock. 
C)  lemon-flavoured water and illness. 
D)  saccharine-flavoured water and illness. 
E)  bright-noisy water and electric shock.

Question 8

Flavour-aversion learning is a form of

Accepted Answer

A)  both operant and classical conditioning. 
B)  vicarious learning. 
C)  operant conditioning. 
D)  classical conditioning. 
E)  modeling. 
A)  both operant and classical conditioning. 
B)  vicarious learning. 
C)  operant conditioning. 
D)  classical conditioning. 
E)  modeling.

Question 9

In classical conditioning, extinction means that the CS

Accepted Answer

A)  is predictive of the occurrence of the CR. 
B)  elicits responses to similar, but not identical, CSs. 
C)  no longer predicts the occurrence of the UCS. 
D)  no longer predicts the occurrence of the UCR. 
E)  is predictive of the occurrence of the UCS. 
A)  is predictive of the occurrence of the CR. 
B)  elicits responses to similar, but not identical, CSs. 
C)  no longer predicts the occurrence of the UCS. 
D)  no longer predicts the occurrence of the UCR. 
E)  is predictive of the occurrence of the UCS.

Question 10

In Hollis and colleagues' study a subordinate gouramis fish learned to show a conditional response to a light that predicted food. When later put into a tank with a dominant gouramis fish, the subordinate fish showed a(n) __________ response to the light.

Accepted Answer

A)  conditional 
B)  unconditional 
C)  aggressive 
D)  excitatory 
E)  submissive 
A)  conditional 
B)  unconditional 
C)  aggressive 
D)  excitatory 
E)  submissive

Question 11

A chewing gum manufacturer has a widespread TV advertising campaign that show beautiful people consuming their product. Having seen these ads over a few weeks, you find yourself attracted to the chewing gum next time you are in a corner store. In this classical conditioning example, __________ is the conditional stimulus

Accepted Answer

A)  the chewing gum 
B)  your attraction to the beautiful people 
C)  the beautiful people 
D)  your attraction to the chewing gum 
E)  the chewing gum manufacturer 
A)  the chewing gum 
B)  your attraction to the beautiful people 
C)  the beautiful people 
D)  your attraction to the chewing gum 
E)  the chewing gum manufacturer

Question 12

An example of __________ would be if you were to observe a rat pressing a lever in the presence of a 1000 Hz tone but not pressing the lever in the presence of a 700 Hz tone.

Accepted Answer

A)  discrimination 
B)  generalization 
C)  conditioned reinforcement 
D)  intermittent reinforcement 
E)  extinction 
A)  discrimination 
B)  generalization 
C)  conditioned reinforcement 
D)  intermittent reinforcement 
E)  extinction

Question 13

Discriminative stimuli are those

Accepted Answer

A)  in whose presence behaviour has produced consequences in the past. 
B)  in whose presence behaviour has not produced consequences in the past. 
C)  that signal the occurrence of other kinds of stimuli. 
D)  that occur as a result of an organism emitting a response. 
E)  that set the occasion for the occurrence of conditional responses. 
A)  in whose presence behaviour has produced consequences in the past. 
B)  in whose presence behaviour has not produced consequences in the past. 
C)  that signal the occurrence of other kinds of stimuli. 
D)  that occur as a result of an organism emitting a response. 
E)  that set the occasion for the occurrence of conditional responses.

Question 14

Classical conditioning provides information about why the future event is likely to occur and where the occurrence is likely to take place.

Accepted Answer

A) True 
 B)False

Question 15

The portion of the classical conditioning experiment in which a conditional response begins to increase in strength is called

Accepted Answer

A)  acquisition. 
B)  extinction. 
C)  generalization. 
D)  discrimination. 
E)  shaping. 
A)  acquisition. 
B)  extinction. 
C)  generalization. 
D)  discrimination. 
E)  shaping.

Question 16

__________ is the behavioural change produced by internal changes brought about by learning.

Accepted Answer

A)  Performance 
B)  An unconditional response 
C)  Experience 
D)  Training 
E)  Shaping 
A)  Performance 
B)  An unconditional response 
C)  Experience 
D)  Training 
E)  Shaping

Question 17

Generalization of the conditional response to other stimuli is likely when the unconditional stimulus no longer follows the presentation of the conditional stimulus.

Accepted Answer

A) True 
 B)False

Question 18

The subjects in the Herrnstein and Loveland study (1964), __________, learned to respond to __________ through __________.

Accepted Answer

A)  rats; several similar tones; generalization training 
B)  dogs; specific cats; discrimination training 
C)  young children; the concept of animal; discrimination training 
D)  pigeons; the concept of human beings; discrimination training 
E)  rats; the concept of animal; discrimination training 
A)  rats; several similar tones; generalization training 
B)  dogs; specific cats; discrimination training 
C)  young children; the concept of animal; discrimination training 
D)  pigeons; the concept of human beings; discrimination training 
E)  rats; the concept of animal; discrimination training

Question 19

The acquiring or changing of an organism's actions because of the consequences produced by those actions is called

Accepted Answer

A)  classical conditioning. 
B)  operant conditioning. 
C)  observational learning. 
D)  habituation. 
E)  Pavlovian conditioning. 
A)  classical conditioning. 
B)  operant conditioning. 
C)  observational learning. 
D)  habituation. 
E)  Pavlovian conditioning.

Question 20

In classical conditioning, the stimulus that naturally elicits the reflexive behaviour is called the __________ stimulus.

Accepted Answer

A)  unconditional 
B)  conditional 
C)  discriminative 
D)  signaling 
E)  initial 
A)  unconditional 
B)  conditional 
C)  discriminative 
D)  signaling 
E)  initial

One of the two conditions necessary for classical conditioning to occur is that the conditional stimulus must occur regularly when the unconditional stimulus is absent.

In a fixed-ratio schedule, reinforcement is delivered after a fixed number of responses is emitted.

Phobias may be acquired by

__________ is a conditioned reinforcer.

Which of the following statements is TRUE?

Suppose that you are in your bedroom studying for a test that you have tomorrow. Somebody in an adjacent room turns the television on. At first you are distracted by the sound coming from it, but before too long you don't even realize that it is still on. You have

The rats in Garcia and Koelling's study avoided drinking water after they first experienced a pairing of

Flavour-aversion learning is a form of

In classical conditioning, extinction means that the CS

In Hollis and colleagues' study a subordinate gouramis fish learned to show a conditional response to a light that predicted food. When later put into a tank with a dominant gouramis fish, the subordinate fish showed a(n) __________ response to the light.

An example of __________ would be if you were to observe a rat pressing a lever in the presence of a 1000 Hz tone but not pressing the lever in the presence of a 700 Hz tone.

Discriminative stimuli are those

Classical conditioning provides information about why the future event is likely to occur and where the occurrence is likely to take place.

The portion of the classical conditioning experiment in which a conditional response begins to increase in strength is called

__________ is the behavioural change produced by internal changes brought about by learning.

Generalization of the conditional response to other stimuli is likely when the unconditional stimulus no longer follows the presentation of the conditional stimulus.

The subjects in the Herrnstein and Loveland study (1964), , learned to respond to through __.

The acquiring or changing of an organism's actions because of the consequences produced by those actions is called

In classical conditioning, the stimulus that naturally elicits the reflexive behaviour is called the __________ stimulus.

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Exam 7: Learning and Behaviour

One of the two conditions necessary for classical conditioning to occur is that the conditional stimulus must occur regularly when the unconditional stimulus is absent.

In a fixed-ratio schedule, reinforcement is delivered after a fixed number of responses is emitted.

Phobias may be acquired by

__________ is a conditioned reinforcer.

Which of the following statements is TRUE?

Suppose that you are in your bedroom studying for a test that you have tomorrow. Somebody in an adjacent room turns the television on. At first you are distracted by the sound coming from it, but before too long you don't even realize that it is still on. You have

The rats in Garcia and Koelling's study avoided drinking water after they first experienced a pairing of

Flavour-aversion learning is a form of

In classical conditioning, extinction means that the CS

In Hollis and colleagues' study a subordinate gouramis fish learned to show a conditional response to a light that predicted food. When later put into a tank with a dominant gouramis fish, the subordinate fish showed a(n) __________ response to the light.

An example of __________ would be if you were to observe a rat pressing a lever in the presence of a 1000 Hz tone but not pressing the lever in the presence of a 700 Hz tone.

Discriminative stimuli are those

Classical conditioning provides information about why the future event is likely to occur and where the occurrence is likely to take place.

The portion of the classical conditioning experiment in which a conditional response begins to increase in strength is called

__________ is the behavioural change produced by internal changes brought about by learning.

Generalization of the conditional response to other stimuli is likely when the unconditional stimulus no longer follows the presentation of the conditional stimulus.

The subjects in the Herrnstein and Loveland study (1964), __________, learned to respond to __________ through __________.

The acquiring or changing of an organism's actions because of the consequences produced by those actions is called

In classical conditioning, the stimulus that naturally elicits the reflexive behaviour is called the __________ stimulus.

The Science of Psychology

The Ways and Means of Psychology

Evolution, Heredity, and Behaviour

Biology of Behaviour

Sensation

Perception

Memory

Consciousness

Language

Intelligence and Thinking

Lifespan Development

Motivation and Emotion

Personality

Social Psychology

Lifestyle, Stress, and Health

The Nature and Causes of Psychological Disorders

The Treatment of Psychological Disorders

Filters

The subjects in the Herrnstein and Loveland study (1964), , learned to respond to through __.