Question 1

Identify the parts labeled C, D, E, G, L, M, N in the figure below, and state what their purpose is.

Accepted Answer

They are protein components of the secre

Question 2

The cholera and Escherichia coli (traveler's diarrhea) toxins ________, leading to high levels of cAMP in cells.

Accepted Answer

A)  ADP ribosylate the Gs factor 
B)  ADP ribosylate adenyl cyclase 
C)  inactivate ATP 
D)  are bacterial adenylate cyclase 
E)  phosphorylate the G factor 
A)  ADP ribosylate the Gs factor 
B)  ADP ribosylate adenyl cyclase 
C)  inactivate ATP 
D)  are bacterial adenylate cyclase 
E)  phosphorylate the G factor

Question 3

Describe the use of digital gene expression (DGE) in host-pathogen relations. How does it work and what information can it tell us?

Accepted Answer

DGE is a technology that uses beads cove

Question 4

Which of the following types of information CANNOT be derived from the full genome of a noncultured bacterial pathogen?

Accepted Answer

A)  nutritional requirements 
B)  toxin production 
C)  infectious and lethal doses 
D)  pathogenic islands 
E)  cell receptor binding and tissue tropism 
A)  nutritional requirements 
B)  toxin production 
C)  infectious and lethal doses 
D)  pathogenic islands 
E)  cell receptor binding and tissue tropism

Question 5

Which of the following statements is NOT correct about disease reservoirs?

Accepted Answer

A)  Reservoirs are mammals or birds, but not insects. 
B)  A vector can be the reservoir of a disease. 
C)  A reservoir is an integral part of the disease cycle. 
D)  Disease-control measures must consider the biological reservoir. 
E)  A reservoir is ultimately the source of infection in a population. 
A)  Reservoirs are mammals or birds, but not insects. 
B)  A vector can be the reservoir of a disease. 
C)  A reservoir is an integral part of the disease cycle. 
D)  Disease-control measures must consider the biological reservoir. 
E)  A reservoir is ultimately the source of infection in a population.

Question 6

Thick polysaccharide capsules are important virulence assets for

Accepted Answer

A)  Escherichia coli and Vibrio cholera. 
B)  Clostridium tetani and Bacillus anthracis. 
C)  Neisseria gonorrhoeae and Streptococcus pneumonia. 
D)  Salmonella spp. and Staphylococcus aureus. 
E)  Helicobacter pylori and Enterobacter cloacae. 
A)  Escherichia coli and Vibrio cholera. 
B)  Clostridium tetani and Bacillus anthracis. 
C)  Neisseria gonorrhoeae and Streptococcus pneumonia. 
D)  Salmonella spp. and Staphylococcus aureus. 
E)  Helicobacter pylori and Enterobacter cloacae.

Question 7

Type IV pili are essential for the interaction of Neisseria meningitidis with brain endothelial cells. Describe the difference between the type IV and type I pili binding, and explain why knowing the type of binding is important in pathogenesis.

Accepted Answer

Type I pili adhere to mannose residues o

Question 8

Exotoxins

Accepted Answer

A)  are secreted by Gram-positive bacteria only. 
B)  primarily contain glycolipids. 
C)  are protein toxins made by Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria. 
D)  serve as adhesins for mucosal pathogens. 
E)  contain lipid A. 
A)  are secreted by Gram-positive bacteria only. 
B)  primarily contain glycolipids. 
C)  are protein toxins made by Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria. 
D)  serve as adhesins for mucosal pathogens. 
E)  contain lipid A.

Question 9

Which of the following diseases is transmitted by the mosquito Aedes aegypti?

Accepted Answer

A)  yellow fever 
B)  Ebola 
C)  epidemic typhus 
D)  listeriosis 
E)  SARS 
A)  yellow fever 
B)  Ebola 
C)  epidemic typhus 
D)  listeriosis 
E)  SARS

Question 10

The likely mode of transmission of a bacterial disease in which incidence increases with a prolonged warm summer is

Accepted Answer

A)  direct transmission. 
B)  airborne transmission. 
C)  insect vector transmission. 
D)  common source fomite. 
E)  sexual transmission. 
A)  direct transmission. 
B)  airborne transmission. 
C)  insect vector transmission. 
D)  common source fomite. 
E)  sexual transmission.

Question 11

Which of the following statements is NOT correct about a patient who died from endotoxin pathologies?

Accepted Answer

A)  Disseminated intravascular coagulation may have contributed to death. 
B)  The methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus, or MRSA, superbug is a likely suspect. 
C)  The patient may have died from hypotension. 
D)  The patient may not have run a fever if AIDS was present. 
E)  The lipid A in the endotoxin is responsible for the virulence. 
A)  Disseminated intravascular coagulation may have contributed to death. 
B)  The methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus, or MRSA, superbug is a likely suspect. 
C)  The patient may have died from hypotension. 
D)  The patient may not have run a fever if AIDS was present. 
E)  The lipid A in the endotoxin is responsible for the virulence.

Question 12

Autophagy is used by a host cell to

Accepted Answer

A)  activate G-proteins. 
B)  regulate phagocytosis. 
C)  scavenge nutrients from damaged organelles. 
D)  fight extracellular pathogens. 
E)  induce apoptosis. 
A)  activate G-proteins. 
B)  regulate phagocytosis. 
C)  scavenge nutrients from damaged organelles. 
D)  fight extracellular pathogens. 
E)  induce apoptosis.

Question 13

Koch's molecular postulates were originally formulated by

Accepted Answer

A)  Robert Koch. 
B)  Louis Pasteur. 
C)  Thomas Rivers. 
D)  Matthew Lawrenz. 
E)  Stanley Falkow. 
A)  Robert Koch. 
B)  Louis Pasteur. 
C)  Thomas Rivers. 
D)  Matthew Lawrenz. 
E)  Stanley Falkow.

Question 14

A possible role for quorum sensing in pathogenicity is that it

Accepted Answer

A)  detects and responds to the pH as an indicator of the environment. 
B)  delays production of toxins that may alert the host to the presence of the bacteria. 
C)  monitors and responds to concentrations of ions such as magnesium. 
D)  senses and responds to the population of phagocytes at the infection site. 
E)  helps the pathogen escape the adaptive immune response. 
A)  detects and responds to the pH as an indicator of the environment. 
B)  delays production of toxins that may alert the host to the presence of the bacteria. 
C)  monitors and responds to concentrations of ions such as magnesium. 
D)  senses and responds to the population of phagocytes at the infection site. 
E)  helps the pathogen escape the adaptive immune response.

Question 15

Briefly describe three classic modes of action of bacterial toxins. How are they similar? How are they different?

Accepted Answer

(1) Some microbes damage the host membra

Question 16

Mycobacterium, Trypanosomia, and Leishmania spp. are all unique in that once they are intracellular, they down-regulate the IFN-gamma receptor, causing

Accepted Answer

A)  immune-response suppression. 
B)  opsonization. 
C)  complement activation. 
D)  superantigen reactions. 
E)  high fever responses. 
A)  immune-response suppression. 
B)  opsonization. 
C)  complement activation. 
D)  superantigen reactions. 
E)  high fever responses.

Question 17

Which of the following species causes whooping cough?

Accepted Answer

A)  Streptococcus mutans 
B)  Staphylococcus aureus 
C)  Bordetella pertussis 
D)  Neisseria gonorrhoeae 
E)  Mycoplasma 
A)  Streptococcus mutans 
B)  Staphylococcus aureus 
C)  Bordetella pertussis 
D)  Neisseria gonorrhoeae 
E)  Mycoplasma

Question 18

Biofilms play a major role in enhancing bacterial virulence because

Accepted Answer

A)  biofilm strains are mutants. 
B)  the exopolymer matrix is highly toxic and mutagenic. 
C)  biofilm bacteria are intracellular pathogens. 
D)  bacteria in biofilms are more resistant to antimicrobials and phagocytosis. 
E)  low bacteria density does not alert the human immune system. 
A)  biofilm strains are mutants. 
B)  the exopolymer matrix is highly toxic and mutagenic. 
C)  biofilm bacteria are intracellular pathogens. 
D)  bacteria in biofilms are more resistant to antimicrobials and phagocytosis. 
E)  low bacteria density does not alert the human immune system.

Question 19

Protein A helps Staphylococcus aureus avoid

Accepted Answer

A)  antibiotics. 
B)  apoptosis. 
C)  phagocytosis. 
D)  cytotoxic T cells. 
E)  phagosome-lysosome fusion. 
A)  antibiotics. 
B)  apoptosis. 
C)  phagocytosis. 
D)  cytotoxic T cells. 
E)  phagosome-lysosome fusion.

Question 20

Which of the following are also categorized as frank, or strict, pathogens?

Accepted Answer

A)  parasites 
B)  endoparasites 
C)  ectoparasites 
D)  primary pathogens 
E)  opportunistic pathogens 
A)  parasites 
B)  endoparasites 
C)  ectoparasites 
D)  primary pathogens 
E)  opportunistic pathogens

Exam 25: Microbial Pathogenesis

Identify the parts labeled C, D, E, G, L, M, N in the figure below, and state what their purpose is.

The cholera and Escherichia coli (traveler's diarrhea) toxins ________, leading to high levels of cAMP in cells.

Describe the use of digital gene expression (DGE) in host-pathogen relations. How does it work and what information can it tell us?

Which of the following types of information CANNOT be derived from the full genome of a noncultured bacterial pathogen?

Which of the following statements is NOT correct about disease reservoirs?

Thick polysaccharide capsules are important virulence assets for

Type IV pili are essential for the interaction of Neisseria meningitidis with brain endothelial cells. Describe the difference between the type IV and type I pili binding, and explain why knowing the type of binding is important in pathogenesis.

Exotoxins

Which of the following diseases is transmitted by the mosquito Aedes aegypti?

The likely mode of transmission of a bacterial disease in which incidence increases with a prolonged warm summer is

Which of the following statements is NOT correct about a patient who died from endotoxin pathologies?

Autophagy is used by a host cell to

Koch's molecular postulates were originally formulated by

A possible role for quorum sensing in pathogenicity is that it

Briefly describe three classic modes of action of bacterial toxins. How are they similar? How are they different?

Mycobacterium, Trypanosomia, and Leishmania spp. are all unique in that once they are intracellular, they down-regulate the IFN-gamma receptor, causing

Which of the following species causes whooping cough?

Biofilms play a major role in enhancing bacterial virulence because

Protein A helps Staphylococcus aureus avoid

Which of the following are also categorized as frank, or strict, pathogens?

Microbial Life: Origin and Discovery

Observing the Microbial Cell

Cell Structure and Function

Bacterial Culture, Growth, and Development

Environmental Influences and Control of Microbial Growth

Viruses

Genomes and Chromosomes

Transcription, Translation, and Bioinformatics

Gene Transfer, Mutations, and Genome Evolution

Molecular Regulation

Viral Molecular Biology

Biotechniques and Synthetic Biology

Energetics and Catabolism

Electron Flow in Organotrophy, Lithotrophy, and Phototrophy

Biosynthesis

Food and Industrial Microbiology

Origins and Evolution

Bacterial Diversity

Archaeal Diversity

Eukaryotic Diversity

Microbial Ecology

Microbes in Global Elemental Cycles

Human Microbiota and Innate Immunity

The Adaptive Immune Response

Microbial Diseases

Antimicrobial Therapy

Clinical Microbiology and Epidemiology

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