Exam 6: The Need to Justify Our Actions: the Costs and Benefits of Dissonance Reduction

According to research presented in the text, students shot a roll of film and printed two photographs.Some were told that they could exchange the one they chose to keep within five days, but others were told that their choice was final.Which group of students liked their photograph best?

The most typical ways of reducing dissonance include all of the following EXCEPT

Janis has just volunteered to undergo treatment for drug addiction.After she leaves the clinic, she is ________ to stay off drugs because her recovery at the clinic was ________.

Because they provide the potential offender ________, threats of harsh punishment seldom produce positive attitude change.

Imagine you are watching a debate between two presidential candidates.You prefer Candidate A and dislike Candidate B.Both candidates offer strong arguments and weak arguments about Issue X.Which arguments would you be most likely to remember? Which arguments would you be most likely to forget? Is it likely that you change your opinion after having watched the debate? Why or why not?

The local police want to convince drivers to obey the fifty-five mile per hour speed limit on the highways.The police chief is convinced that doubling speeding fines is the answer.You've just read the section of Chapter 6 that deals with insufficient punishment.What would you say to him?

Jessica thinks of herself as a health-conscious person.As she is eating a steak one evening, she sees a news report that consuming red meat increases the risk of breast cancer by over 50 percent! At this moment, she is experiencing a large amount of cognitive dissonance.State the three ways people can reduce dissonance, and apply these techniques to Jessica's dissonance; that is, give an example of each of the three dissonance reduction techniques Jessica could use.

According to the authors of your text, when the Bush administration received evidence that there were no weapons of mass destruction in Iraq-but after they had already invested troops and money in the war-the administration quickly explained that now the war was focused on ousting Saddam Hussein and liberating the Iraqi people.In essence, the administration may have ________ as a means of reducing dissonance.

Cognitive dissonance always

The Ben Franklin effect is named for an incident in which Ben Franklin

Because dissonance reduction processes are mostly unconscious, people

Ying just purchased a rather expensive wristwatch.She had debated for weeks about the merits of two different styles before making her final decision.It's now likely that Ying will

According to research presented in the text, students shot a roll of film and printed two photographs.Some were told that they could exchange the one they chose to keep within five days, but others were told that their choice was final.What was the dependent variable of this experiment?

According to research presented in the text, students shot a roll of film and printed two photographs.Some were told that they could exchange the one they chose to keep within five days, but others were told that their choice was final.What was the independent variable of this experiment?

Yuriko, a Japanese student, and Jill, an American student, have both participated in an experiment in which they have been asked-and agreed-to write a counterattitudinal essay.According to findings on dissonance reduction across cultures by Sakai (1999), who is more likely to engage in dissonance reduction?

Threats of severe punishment are NOT likely to change behaviors in the absence of the person who punishes, because such severe threats provide

Aronson and Mills (1959) performed an experiment in which college women were invited to join a discussion group about sex.In order to join the group, participants had to undergo either a severe initiation, a mild initiation, or no initiation.Which of the following best describes this study's findings? Women who underwent ________ initiation enjoyed the discussion the ________.

In which case is lowballing LEAST likely to work?

People are unlikely to change their attitudes after saying something they don't truly believe if there is ________ for the lie.

Maria is on a limited budget, and can only afford one album.She really likes two in particular: Frank Sinatra's Greatest Hits and the soundtrack from the musical Wicked.When she gets to listen to the Frank Sinatra album, she cannot imagine why she ever considered the Wicked album.This is because