Question 1

Which of the following statements is representative of the second law of thermodynamics?

Accepted Answer

A) Conversion of energy from one form to another is always accompanied by some gain of free energy. 
B) Heat represents a form of energy that can be used by most organisms to do work. 
C) Without an input of energy, organisms would tend toward decreasing entropy. 
D) Cells require a constant input of energy to maintain their high level of organization. 
E) Every energy transformation by a cell decreases the entropy of the universe. 
A) Conversion of energy from one form to another is always accompanied by some gain of free energy. 
B) Heat represents a form of energy that can be used by most organisms to do work. 
C) Without an input of energy, organisms would tend toward decreasing entropy. 
D) Cells require a constant input of energy to maintain their high level of organization. 
E) Every energy transformation by a cell decreases the entropy of the universe.

Question 2

Choose the pair of terms that correctly completes this sentence: Catabolism is to anabolism as __________ is to __________.

Accepted Answer

A) exergonic; spontaneous 
B) exergonic; endergonic 
C) free energy; entropy 
D) work; energy 
E) entropy; enthalpy 
A) exergonic; spontaneous 
B) exergonic; endergonic 
C) free energy; entropy 
D) work; energy 
E) entropy; enthalpy

Question 3

Which of the following is (are)True for anabolic pathways?

Accepted Answer

A) They do not depend on enzymes. 
B) They are usually highly spontaneous chemical reactions. 
C) They consume energy to build up polymers from monomers. 
D) They release energy as they degrade polymers to monomers. 
A) They do not depend on enzymes. 
B) They are usually highly spontaneous chemical reactions. 
C) They consume energy to build up polymers from monomers. 
D) They release energy as they degrade polymers to monomers.

Question 4

The organization of organisms has become increasingly complex with time. This statement

Accepted Answer

A) is consistent with the second law of thermodynamics. 
B) requires that due to evolution, the entropy of the universe increased. 
C) is based on the fact that organisms function as closed systems. 
D) A and B only 
E) A, B, and C 
A) is consistent with the second law of thermodynamics. 
B) requires that due to evolution, the entropy of the universe increased. 
C) is based on the fact that organisms function as closed systems. 
D) A and B only 
E) A, B, and C

Question 5

How can one increase the rate of a chemical reaction?

Accepted Answer

A) Increase the activation energy needed. 
B) Cool the reactants. 
C) Decrease the concentration of the reactants. 
D) Add a catalyst. 
E) Increase the entropy of the reactants. 
A) Increase the activation energy needed. 
B) Cool the reactants. 
C) Decrease the concentration of the reactants. 
D) Add a catalyst. 
E) Increase the entropy of the reactants.

Question 6

The following questions are based on the reaction A + B → C + D shown in Figure 8.2.

-When you have a severe fever, what may be a grave consequence if this is not controlled?

Accepted Answer

A) destruction of your enzymes' primary structure 
B) removal of amine groups from your proteins 
C) change in the folding of enzymes 
D) removal of the amino acids in active sites 
E) binding of enzymes to inappropriate substrates 
A) destruction of your enzymes' primary structure 
B) removal of amine groups from your proteins 
C) change in the folding of enzymes 
D) removal of the amino acids in active sites 
E) binding of enzymes to inappropriate substrates

Question 7

Which of the following is True of metabolism in its entirety?

Accepted Answer

A) Metabolism depends on a constant supply of energy from food 
B) Metabolism depends on an organism's adequate hydration 
C) Metabolism utilizes all of an organism's resources 
D) Metabolism is a property of organismal life 
E) Metabolism manages the increase of entropy in an organism 
A) Metabolism depends on a constant supply of energy from food 
B) Metabolism depends on an organism's adequate hydration 
C) Metabolism utilizes all of an organism's resources 
D) Metabolism is a property of organismal life 
E) Metabolism manages the increase of entropy in an organism

Question 8

Which of the following best describes enthalpy (H)?

Accepted Answer

A) the total kinetic energy of a system 
B) the heat content of a chemical system 
C) the system's entropy 
D) the cell's energy equilibrium 
E) the condition of a cell that is not able to react 
A) the total kinetic energy of a system 
B) the heat content of a chemical system 
C) the system's entropy 
D) the cell's energy equilibrium 
E) the condition of a cell that is not able to react

Question 9

An important group of peripheral membrane proteins are enzymes, such as the phospholipases that attack the head groups of phospholipids leading to the degradation of damaged membranes. What properties must these enzymes exhibit?

Accepted Answer

A) resistance to degradation 
B) independence from cofactor interaction 
C) water solubility 
D) lipid solubility 
E) membrane spanning domains 
A) resistance to degradation 
B) independence from cofactor interaction 
C) water solubility 
D) lipid solubility 
E) membrane spanning domains

Question 10

The following questions are based on the reaction A + B → C + D shown in Figure 8.2.

-Which of the following statements describes enzyme cooperativity?

Accepted Answer

A) A multi-enzyme complex contains all the enzymes of a metabolic pathway. 
B) A product of a pathway serves as a competitive inhibitor of an early enzyme in the pathway. 
C) A substrate molecule bound to an active site affects the active site of several subunits. 
D) Several substrate molecules can be catalyzed by the same enzyme. 
E) A substrate binds to an active site and inhibits cooperation between enzymes in a pathway. 
A) A multi-enzyme complex contains all the enzymes of a metabolic pathway. 
B) A product of a pathway serves as a competitive inhibitor of an early enzyme in the pathway. 
C) A substrate molecule bound to an active site affects the active site of several subunits. 
D) Several substrate molecules can be catalyzed by the same enzyme. 
E) A substrate binds to an active site and inhibits cooperation between enzymes in a pathway.

Question 11

Some enzymatic regulation is allosteric. In such cases, which of the following would usually be found?

Accepted Answer

A) cooperativity 
B) feedback inhibition 
C) both activating and inhibitory activity 
D) an enzyme with more than one subunit 
E) the need for cofactors 
A) cooperativity 
B) feedback inhibition 
C) both activating and inhibitory activity 
D) an enzyme with more than one subunit 
E) the need for cofactors

Question 12

Sucrose is a disaccharide, composed of the monosaccharides glucose and fructose. The hydrolysis of sucrose by the enzyme sucrase results in

Accepted Answer

A) bringing glucose and fructose together to form sucrose. 
B) the release of water from sucrose as the bond between glucose and fructose is broken. 
C) breaking the bond between glucose and fructose and forming new bonds from the atoms of water. 
D) production of water from the sugar as bonds are broken between the glucose monomers. 
E) utilization of water as a covalent bond is formed between glucose and fructose to form sucrase. 
A) bringing glucose and fructose together to form sucrose. 
B) the release of water from sucrose as the bond between glucose and fructose is broken. 
C) breaking the bond between glucose and fructose and forming new bonds from the atoms of water. 
D) production of water from the sugar as bonds are broken between the glucose monomers. 
E) utilization of water as a covalent bond is formed between glucose and fructose to form sucrase.

Question 13

Which of the following is a statement of the first law of thermodynamics?

Accepted Answer

A) Energy cannot be created or destroyed. 
B) The entropy of the universe is decreasing. 
C) The entropy of the universe is constant. 
D) Kinetic energy is stored energy that results from the specific arrangement of matter. 
E) Energy cannot be transferred or transformed. 
A) Energy cannot be created or destroyed. 
B) The entropy of the universe is decreasing. 
C) The entropy of the universe is constant. 
D) Kinetic energy is stored energy that results from the specific arrangement of matter. 
E) Energy cannot be transferred or transformed.

Question 14

Refer to Figure 8.1 to answer the following questions.
  
-Which curve represents the behavior of an enzyme taken from a bacterium that lives in hot springs at temperatures of 70°C or higher?

Accepted Answer

A) curve 1 
B) curve 2 
C) curve 3 
D) curve 4 
E) curve 5 
A) curve 1 
B) curve 2 
C) curve 3 
D) curve 4 
E) curve 5

Question 15

Among enzymes, kinases catalyze phosphorylation, while phosphatases catalyze removal of phosphate(s). A cell's use of these enzymes can therefore function as an on-off switch for various processes. Which of the following is probably involved?

Accepted Answer

A) the change in a protein's charge leading to a conformational change 
B) the change in a protein's charge leading to cleavage 
C) a change in the optimal pH at which a reaction will occur 
D) a change in the optimal temperature at which a reaction will occur 
E) the excision of one or more peptides 
A) the change in a protein's charge leading to a conformational change 
B) the change in a protein's charge leading to cleavage 
C) a change in the optimal pH at which a reaction will occur 
D) a change in the optimal temperature at which a reaction will occur 
E) the excision of one or more peptides

Question 16

What must be the difference (if any)between the structure of ATP and the structure of the precursor of the A nucleotide in DNA and RNA?

Accepted Answer

A) The sugar molecule is different. 
B) The nitrogen-containing base is different. 
C) The number of phosphates is three instead of one. 
D) The number of phosphates is three instead of two. 
E) There is no difference. 
A) The sugar molecule is different. 
B) The nitrogen-containing base is different. 
C) The number of phosphates is three instead of one. 
D) The number of phosphates is three instead of two. 
E) There is no difference.

Question 17

If an enzyme is added to a solution where its substrate and product are in equilibrium, what would occur?

Accepted Answer

A) Additional product would be formed. 
B) Additional substrate would be formed. 
C) The reaction would change from endergonic to exergonic. 
D) The free energy of the system would change. 
E) Nothing; the reaction would stay at equilibrium. 
A) Additional product would be formed. 
B) Additional substrate would be formed. 
C) The reaction would change from endergonic to exergonic. 
D) The free energy of the system would change. 
E) Nothing; the reaction would stay at equilibrium.

Question 18

The following questions are based on the reaction A + B → C + D shown in Figure 8.2.

-Competitive inhibitors block the entry of substrate into the active site of an enzyme. On which of the following properties of an active site does this primarily depend?

Accepted Answer

A) the ability of an enzyme to form a template for holding and joining molecules 
B) the enzyme's ability to stretch reactants and move them toward a transition state 
C) the enzyme providing an appropriate microenvironment conducive to a reaction's occurrence 
D) the enzyme forming covalent bonds with the reactants 
E) the enzyme becoming too saturated because of the concentration of substrate 
A) the ability of an enzyme to form a template for holding and joining molecules 
B) the enzyme's ability to stretch reactants and move them toward a transition state 
C) the enzyme providing an appropriate microenvironment conducive to a reaction's occurrence 
D) the enzyme forming covalent bonds with the reactants 
E) the enzyme becoming too saturated because of the concentration of substrate

Question 19

Use Figure 8.3 to answer the following questions.
  
-Which of the following is the most correct interpretation of the figure?

Accepted Answer

A) Inorganic phosphate is created from organic phosphate. 
B) Energy from catabolism can be used directly for performing cellular work. 
C) ADP + Pi are a set of molecules that store energy for catabolism. 
D) ATP is a molecule that acts as an intermediary to store energy for cellular work. 
E) Pi acts as a shuttle molecule to move energy from ATP to ADP. 
A) Inorganic phosphate is created from organic phosphate. 
B) Energy from catabolism can be used directly for performing cellular work. 
C) ADP + Pi are a set of molecules that store energy for catabolism. 
D) ATP is a molecule that acts as an intermediary to store energy for cellular work. 
E) Pi acts as a shuttle molecule to move energy from ATP to ADP.

Exam 8: An Introduction to Metabolism

Which of the following statements is representative of the second law of thermodynamics?

Choose the pair of terms that correctly completes this sentence: Catabolism is to anabolism as __________ is to __________.

Which of the following is (are)True for anabolic pathways?

The organization of organisms has become increasingly complex with time. This statement

How can one increase the rate of a chemical reaction?

The following questions are based on the reaction A + B → C + D shown in Figure 8.2. -When you have a severe fever, what may be a grave consequence if this is not controlled?

Which of the following is True of metabolism in its entirety?

Which of the following best describes enthalpy (H)?

An important group of peripheral membrane proteins are enzymes, such as the phospholipases that attack the head groups of phospholipids leading to the degradation of damaged membranes. What properties must these enzymes exhibit?

The following questions are based on the reaction A + B → C + D shown in Figure 8.2. -Which of the following statements describes enzyme cooperativity?

Some enzymatic regulation is allosteric. In such cases, which of the following would usually be found?

Sucrose is a disaccharide, composed of the monosaccharides glucose and fructose. The hydrolysis of sucrose by the enzyme sucrase results in

Which of the following is a statement of the first law of thermodynamics?

Refer to Figure 8.1 to answer the following questions. -Which curve represents the behavior of an enzyme taken from a bacterium that lives in hot springs at temperatures of 70°C or higher?

Among enzymes, kinases catalyze phosphorylation, while phosphatases catalyze removal of phosphate(s). A cell's use of these enzymes can therefore function as an on-off switch for various processes. Which of the following is probably involved?

What must be the difference (if any)between the structure of ATP and the structure of the precursor of the A nucleotide in DNA and RNA?

If an enzyme is added to a solution where its substrate and product are in equilibrium, what would occur?

The following questions are based on the reaction A + B → C + D shown in Figure 8.2. -Competitive inhibitors block the entry of substrate into the active site of an enzyme. On which of the following properties of an active site does this primarily depend?

Use Figure 8.3 to answer the following questions. -Which of the following is the most correct interpretation of the figure?

Introduction: Themes in the Study of Life

The Chemical Context of Life

Water and the Fitness of the Environment

Carbon and the Molecular Diversity of Life

The Structure and Function of Large Biological Molecules

A Tour of the Cell

Membrane Structure and Function

Cellular Respiration: Harvesting Chemical Energy

Photosynthesis

Cell Communication

The Cell Cycle

Meiosis and Sexual Life Cycles

Mendel and the Gene Idea

The Chromosomal Basis of Inheritance

The Molecular Basis of Inheritance

From Gene to Protein

Control of Gene Expression

Viruses

Biotechnology

Genomes and Their Evolution

Descent With Modification: a Darwinian View of Life

The Evolution of Populations

The Origin of Species

The History of Life on Earth

Phylogeny and the Tree of Life

Bacteria and Archaea

Protists

Plant Diversity I: How Plants Colonized Land

Plant Diversity Ii: the Evolution of Seed Plants

Fungi

An Introduction to Animal Diversity

Invertebrates

Vertebrates

Plant Structure, Growth, and Development

Transport in Vascular Plants

Soil and Plant Nutrition

Angiosperm Reproduction and Biotechnology

Plant Responses to Internal and External Signals

Basic Principles of Animal Form and Function

Animal Nutrition

Circulation and Gas Exchange

The Immune System

Osmoregulation and Excretion

Hormones and the Endocrine System

Animal Reproduction

Animal Development

Neurons, Synapses, and Signaling

Nervous Systems

Sensory and Motor Mechanisms

Animal Behavior

An Introduction to Ecology and the Biosphere

Population Ecology

Community Ecology

Ecosystems

Conservation Biology and Restoration Ecology

Filters

Choose the pair of terms that correctly completes this sentence: Catabolism is to anabolism as is to .