Question 1

The importance of computers and of computer software to modern cladistics is most closely linked to advances in

Accepted Answer

A) light microscopy. 
B) radiometric dating. 
C) fossil discovery techniques. 
D) Linnaean classification. 
E) molecular genetics. 
A) light microscopy. 
B) radiometric dating. 
C) fossil discovery techniques. 
D) Linnaean classification. 
E) molecular genetics. E

Question 2

The scientific discipline concerned with naming organisms is called

Accepted Answer

A) taxonomy. 
B) cladistics. 
C) binomial nomenclature. 
D) systematics. 
E) phylocode 
A) taxonomy. 
B) cladistics. 
C) binomial nomenclature. 
D) systematics. 
E) phylocode A

Question 3

To apply parsimony to constructing a phylogenetic tree,

Accepted Answer

A) choose the tree that assumes all evolutionary changes are equally probable. 
B) choose the tree in which the branch points are based on as many shared derived characters as possible. 
C) base phylogenetic trees only on the fossil record, as this provides the simplest explanation for evolution. 
D) choose the tree that represents the fewest evolutionary changes, either in DNA sequences or morphology. 
E) choose the tree with the fewest branch points. 
A) choose the tree that assumes all evolutionary changes are equally probable. 
B) choose the tree in which the branch points are based on as many shared derived characters as possible. 
C) base phylogenetic trees only on the fossil record, as this provides the simplest explanation for evolution. 
D) choose the tree that represents the fewest evolutionary changes, either in DNA sequences or morphology. 
E) choose the tree with the fewest branch points. D

Question 4

Morphologically, Species A is very similar to four other species, B-E. Yet the nucleotide sequence deep within an intron in a gene shared by all five of these eukaryotic species is quite different in Species A compared to that of the other four species when one studies the nucleotides present at each position.
   Figure 26.4
-If the sequence of Species A differs from that of the other four species due to simple misalignment, then what should the computer software find when it compares the sequence of Species A to those of the other four species?

Accepted Answer

A) The nucleotide at position 1 should be different in Species A, but the same in species B-E. 
B) The nucleotide sequence of Species A should have long sequences that are nearly identical to those of the other species, but offset in terms of position number. 
C) The sequences of species B-E, though different from that of Species A, should be identical to each other, without exception. 
D) If the software compares, not nucleotide sequence, but rather the amino acid sequence of the actual protein product, then the amino acid sequences of species B-E should be similar to each other, but very different from that of Species A. 
E) Computer software is useless in determining sequences of introns; it can only be used with exons. 
A) The nucleotide at position 1 should be different in Species A, but the same in species B-E. 
B) The nucleotide sequence of Species A should have long sequences that are nearly identical to those of the other species, but offset in terms of position number. 
C) The sequences of species B-E, though different from that of Species A, should be identical to each other, without exception. 
D) If the software compares, not nucleotide sequence, but rather the amino acid sequence of the actual protein product, then the amino acid sequences of species B-E should be similar to each other, but very different from that of Species A. 
E) Computer software is useless in determining sequences of introns; it can only be used with exons.

Question 5

What is True of gene duplication (NOTE: gene duplication is a process that is distinct from DNA replication)?

Accepted Answer

A) It is a type of point mutation. 
B) Its occurrence is limited to diploid species. 
C) Its occurrence is limited to organisms without functional DNA-repair enzymes. 
D) It is most similar in its effects to a deletion mutation. 
E) It can increase the size of a genome over evolutionary time. 
A) It is a type of point mutation. 
B) Its occurrence is limited to diploid species. 
C) Its occurrence is limited to organisms without functional DNA-repair enzymes. 
D) It is most similar in its effects to a deletion mutation. 
E) It can increase the size of a genome over evolutionary time.

Question 6

Use Figure 26.1 to answer the following questions.
   
Figure 26.1
-The two extant species that are most closely related to each other are

Accepted Answer

A) A and B. 
B) B and C. 
C) C and D. 
D) D and E. 
E) E and A. 
A) A and B. 
B) B and C. 
C) C and D. 
D) D and E. 
E) E and A.

Question 7

The following questions refer to the hypothetical patterns of taxonomic hierarchy shown in Figure 26.2.

-Phylogenetic hypotheses (such as those represented by phylogenetic trees)are strongest when

Accepted Answer

A) they are based on amino acid sequences from homologous proteins, as long as the genes that code for such proteins contain no introns. 
B) each clade is defined by a single derived character. 
C) they are supported by more than one kind of evidence, such as when fossil evidence corroborates molecular evidence. 
D) they are accepted by the foremost authorities in the field, especially if they have won Nobel Prizes. 
E) they are based on a single DNA sequence that seems to be a shared derived sequence. 
A) they are based on amino acid sequences from homologous proteins, as long as the genes that code for such proteins contain no introns. 
B) each clade is defined by a single derived character. 
C) they are supported by more than one kind of evidence, such as when fossil evidence corroborates molecular evidence. 
D) they are accepted by the foremost authorities in the field, especially if they have won Nobel Prizes. 
E) they are based on a single DNA sequence that seems to be a shared derived sequence.

Question 8

When it acts upon a gene, which of these processes consequently makes that gene an accurate molecular clock?

Accepted Answer

A) transcription 
B) directional natural selection 
C) mutation 
D) proofreading 
E) reverse transcription 
A) transcription 
B) directional natural selection 
C) mutation 
D) proofreading 
E) reverse transcription

Question 9

The following questions refer to the information below.
A researcher compared the nucleotide sequences of a homologous gene from five different species of mammals with the homologous human gene. The sequence homology between each species' version of the gene and the human gene is presented as a percentage of similarity.
 $$\begin{array} { l c } 
\text { Species } & \text { Percentage } \
\hline \text { Chimpanzee } & 99.7 \
\text { Orangutan } & 98.6 \
\text { Baboon } & 97.2 \
\text { Rhesus Monkey } & 96.9 \
\text { Rabbit } & 93.7
\end{array}$$

-Concerning growth in genome size over evolutionary time, which of these does not belong with the others?

Accepted Answer

A) orthologous genes 
B) gene duplications 
C) paralogous genes 
D) gene families 
A) orthologous genes 
B) gene duplications 
C) paralogous genes 
D) gene families

Question 10

The following questions refer to the hypothetical patterns of taxonomic hierarchy shown in Figure 26.2.

-The term that is most appropriately associated with clade is

Accepted Answer

A) paraphyletic. 
B) polyphyletic. 
C) monophyletic. 
A) paraphyletic. 
B) polyphyletic. 
C) monophyletic.

Question 11

Use Figure 26.1 to answer the following questions.
   
Figure 26.1
-Which extinct species should be the best candidate to serve as the outgroup for the clade whose common ancestor occurs at position 2?

Accepted Answer

A) A 
B) B 
C) C 
D) D 
E) E 
A) A 
B) B 
C) C 
D) D 
E) E

Question 12

The following questions refer to the information below.
A researcher compared the nucleotide sequences of a homologous gene from five different species of mammals with the homologous human gene. The sequence homology between each species' version of the gene and the human gene is presented as a percentage of similarity.
 $$\begin{array} { l c } 
\text { Species } & \text { Percentage } \
\hline \text { Chimpanzee } & 99.7 \
\text { Orangutan } & 98.6 \
\text { Baboon } & 97.2 \
\text { Rhesus Monkey } & 96.9 \
\text { Rabbit } & 93.7
\end{array}$$

-If the genes of yeast are 50% orthologous to those of humans, and if the genes of mice are 99% orthologous to those of humans, then what percentage of the genes of fish might one validly predict to be orthologous to the genes of humans?

Accepted Answer

A) 10% 
B) 30% 
C) 40% 
D) 50% 
E) 80% 
A) 10% 
B) 30% 
C) 40% 
D) 50% 
E) 80%

Question 13

The following questions refer to the hypothetical patterns of taxonomic hierarchy shown in Figure 26.2.

-Ultimately, which of these serves as the basis for both the principle of maximum parsimony and the principle that shared complexity indicates homology rather than analogy?

Accepted Answer

A) the laws of thermodynamics 
B) Boyle's law 
C) the laws of probability 
D) chaos theory 
E) Hutchinson's law 
A) the laws of thermodynamics 
B) Boyle's law 
C) the laws of probability 
D) chaos theory 
E) Hutchinson's law

Question 14

The following questions refer to the table below, which compares the % sequence homology of four different parts (2 introns and 2 exons) of a gene that is found in five different eukaryotic species. Each part is numbered to indicate its distance from the promoter (e.g., Intron I is that closest to the promoter). The data reported for Species A were obtained by comparing DNA from one member of species A to another member of Species A.
 $\quad $$\quad $$\quad $$\quad $$\quad $$\quad $$\quad $$\text { \%/ Sequence Homology  } $
$\begin{array} { l l l l l } 
\text { Species } & \text { Intron I } & \text { Exon I } & \text { Intron VI } & \text { Exon V } \
\text { A } & 100 \% & 100 \% & 100 \% & 100 \% \
\text { B } & 98 \% & 99 \% & 82 \% & 96 \% \
\text { C } & 98 \% & 99 \% & 89 \% & 96 \% \
\mathrm { D } & 99 \% & 99 \% & 92 \% & 97 \% \
\mathrm { E } & 98 \% & 99 \% & 80 \% & 94 \%
\end{array}$
-What important criterion was used in the late 1960s to distinguish between the three multicellular eukaryotic kingdoms of the five-kingdom classification system?

Accepted Answer

A) the number of cells present in individual organisms 
B) the geological stratum in which fossils first appear 
C) the nutritional modes they employ 
D) the biogeographic province where each first appears 
E) the features of their embryos 
A) the number of cells present in individual organisms 
B) the geological stratum in which fossils first appear 
C) the nutritional modes they employ 
D) the biogeographic province where each first appears 
E) the features of their embryos

Question 15

The following questions refer to the table below, which compares the % sequence homology of four different parts (2 introns and 2 exons) of a gene that is found in five different eukaryotic species. Each part is numbered to indicate its distance from the promoter (e.g., Intron I is that closest to the promoter). The data reported for Species A were obtained by comparing DNA from one member of species A to another member of Species A.
 $\quad $$\quad $$\quad $$\quad $$\quad $$\quad $$\quad $$\text { \%/ Sequence Homology  } $
$\begin{array} { l l l l l } 
\text { Species } & \text { Intron I } & \text { Exon I } & \text { Intron VI } & \text { Exon V } \
\text { A } & 100 \% & 100 \% & 100 \% & 100 \% \
\text { B } & 98 \% & 99 \% & 82 \% & 96 \% \
\text { C } & 98 \% & 99 \% & 89 \% & 96 \% \
\mathrm { D } & 99 \% & 99 \% & 92 \% & 97 \% \
\mathrm { E } & 98 \% & 99 \% & 80 \% & 94 \%
\end{array}$
-Which process hinders clarification of the deepest branchings in a phylogenetic tree that depicts the origins of the three domains?

Accepted Answer

A) binary fission 
B) mitosis 
C) meiosis 
D) horizontal gene transfer 
E) gene duplication 
A) binary fission 
B) mitosis 
C) meiosis 
D) horizontal gene transfer 
E) gene duplication

Question 16

The following questions refer to this phylogenetic tree, depicting the origins of life and of the three domains. Horizontal lines indicate instances of gene or genome transfer.
  
-Which of these processes can be included among those responsible for the horizontal components of this phylogeny?

Accepted Answer

A) endosymbiosis 
B) mitosis 
C) binary fission 
D) point mutations 
E) S phase of the cell cycle 
A) endosymbiosis 
B) mitosis 
C) binary fission 
D) point mutations 
E) S phase of the cell cycle

Question 17

The following questions refer to the information below.
A researcher compared the nucleotide sequences of a homologous gene from five different species of mammals with the homologous human gene. The sequence homology between each species' version of the gene and the human gene is presented as a percentage of similarity.
 $$\begin{array} { l c } 
\text { Species } & \text { Percentage } \
\hline \text { Chimpanzee } & 99.7 \
\text { Orangutan } & 98.6 \
\text { Baboon } & 97.2 \
\text { Rhesus Monkey } & 96.9 \
\text { Rabbit } & 93.7
\end{array}$$

-Which kind of DNA should provide the best molecular clock for gauging the evolutionary relatedness of several species whose common ancestor became extinct billions of years ago?

Accepted Answer

A) that coding for ribosomal RNA 
B) intronic DNA belonging to a gene whose product performs a crucial function 
C) paralogous DNA that has lost its function (i.e., no longer codes for functional gene product) 
D) mitochondrial DNA 
E) exonic DNA that codes for a non-crucial part of a polypeptide 
A) that coding for ribosomal RNA 
B) intronic DNA belonging to a gene whose product performs a crucial function 
C) paralogous DNA that has lost its function (i.e., no longer codes for functional gene product) 
D) mitochondrial DNA 
E) exonic DNA that codes for a non-crucial part of a polypeptide

Question 18

The following questions refer to the hypothetical patterns of taxonomic hierarchy shown in Figure 26.2.

-A taxon, all of whose members have the same common ancestor, is

Accepted Answer

A) paraphyletic. 
B) polyphyletic. 
C) monophyletic. 
A) paraphyletic. 
B) polyphyletic. 
C) monophyletic.

Question 19

The following questions refer to the hypothetical patterns of taxonomic hierarchy shown in Figure 26.2.

-The four-chambered hearts of birds and the four-chambered hearts of mammals evolved independently of each other. If one were unaware of this independence, then one might logically conclude that

Accepted Answer

A) the birds were the first to evolve a 4-chambered heart. 
B) birds and mammals are more distantly related than is actually the case. 
C) early mammals possessed feathers. 
D) the common ancestor of birds and mammals had a four-chambered heart. 
E) birds and mammals should be placed in the same family. 
A) the birds were the first to evolve a 4-chambered heart. 
B) birds and mammals are more distantly related than is actually the case. 
C) early mammals possessed feathers. 
D) the common ancestor of birds and mammals had a four-chambered heart. 
E) birds and mammals should be placed in the same family.

Question 20

If you were using cladistics to build a phylogenetic tree of cats, which of the following would be the best outgroup?

Accepted Answer

A) lion 
B) domestic cat 
C) wolf 
D) leopard 
E) tiger 
A) lion 
B) domestic cat 
C) wolf 
D) leopard 
E) tiger

Exam 26: Phylogeny and the Tree of Life

The importance of computers and of computer software to modern cladistics is most closely linked to advances in

The scientific discipline concerned with naming organisms is called

To apply parsimony to constructing a phylogenetic tree,

What is True of gene duplication (NOTE: gene duplication is a process that is distinct from DNA replication)?

Use Figure 26.1 to answer the following questions. Figure 26.1 -The two extant species that are most closely related to each other are

The following questions refer to the hypothetical patterns of taxonomic hierarchy shown in Figure 26.2. -Phylogenetic hypotheses (such as those represented by phylogenetic trees)are strongest when

When it acts upon a gene, which of these processes consequently makes that gene an accurate molecular clock?

The following questions refer to the hypothetical patterns of taxonomic hierarchy shown in Figure 26.2. -The term that is most appropriately associated with clade is

Use Figure 26.1 to answer the following questions. Figure 26.1 -Which extinct species should be the best candidate to serve as the outgroup for the clade whose common ancestor occurs at position 2?

The following questions refer to the hypothetical patterns of taxonomic hierarchy shown in Figure 26.2. -Ultimately, which of these serves as the basis for both the principle of maximum parsimony and the principle that shared complexity indicates homology rather than analogy?

The following questions refer to this phylogenetic tree, depicting the origins of life and of the three domains. Horizontal lines indicate instances of gene or genome transfer. -Which of these processes can be included among those responsible for the horizontal components of this phylogeny?

The following questions refer to the hypothetical patterns of taxonomic hierarchy shown in Figure 26.2. -A taxon, all of whose members have the same common ancestor, is

The following questions refer to the hypothetical patterns of taxonomic hierarchy shown in Figure 26.2. -The four-chambered hearts of birds and the four-chambered hearts of mammals evolved independently of each other. If one were unaware of this independence, then one might logically conclude that

If you were using cladistics to build a phylogenetic tree of cats, which of the following would be the best outgroup?

Introduction: Themes in the Study of Life

The Chemical Context of Life

Water and the Fitness of the Environment

Carbon and the Molecular Diversity of Life

The Structure and Function of Large Biological Molecules

A Tour of the Cell

Membrane Structure and Function

An Introduction to Metabolism

Cellular Respiration: Harvesting Chemical Energy

Photosynthesis

Cell Communication

The Cell Cycle

Meiosis and Sexual Life Cycles

Mendel and the Gene Idea

The Chromosomal Basis of Inheritance

The Molecular Basis of Inheritance

From Gene to Protein

Control of Gene Expression

Viruses

Biotechnology

Genomes and Their Evolution

Descent With Modification: a Darwinian View of Life

The Evolution of Populations

The Origin of Species

The History of Life on Earth

Bacteria and Archaea

Protists

Plant Diversity I: How Plants Colonized Land

Plant Diversity Ii: the Evolution of Seed Plants

Fungi

An Introduction to Animal Diversity

Invertebrates

Vertebrates

Plant Structure, Growth, and Development

Transport in Vascular Plants

Soil and Plant Nutrition

Angiosperm Reproduction and Biotechnology

Plant Responses to Internal and External Signals

Basic Principles of Animal Form and Function

Animal Nutrition

Circulation and Gas Exchange

The Immune System

Osmoregulation and Excretion

Hormones and the Endocrine System

Animal Reproduction

Animal Development

Neurons, Synapses, and Signaling

Nervous Systems

Sensory and Motor Mechanisms

Animal Behavior

An Introduction to Ecology and the Biosphere

Population Ecology

Community Ecology

Ecosystems

Conservation Biology and Restoration Ecology

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