Question 1

At which developmental stage should one be able to first distinguish a protostome embryo from a deuterostome embryo?

Accepted Answer

A) fertilization 
B) cleavage 
C) gastrulation 
D) coelom formation 
E) metamorphosis 
A) fertilization 
B) cleavage 
C) gastrulation 
D) coelom formation 
E) metamorphosis

Question 2

Which distinction is given more emphasis by the morphological phylogeny than by the molecular phylogeny?

Accepted Answer

A) metazoan and eumetazoan 
B) radial and bilateral 
C) True coelom and pseudocoelom 
D) protostome and deuterostome 
E) molting and lack of molting 
A) metazoan and eumetazoan 
B) radial and bilateral 
C) True coelom and pseudocoelom 
D) protostome and deuterostome 
E) molting and lack of molting

Question 3

The following questions are based on the description below.
A student encounters an animal embryo at the eight-cell stage. The four smaller cells that comprise one hemisphere of the embryo seem to be rotated 45 degrees and lie in the grooves between larger, underlying cells (spiral cleavage).
-Which of the following statements concerning animal taxonomy is (are)True?
1) Animals are more closely related to plants than to fungi.
2) All animal clades based on body plan have been found to be incorrect.
3) Kingdom Animalia is monophyletic.
4) Only animals reproduce by sexual means.
5) Animals are thought to have evolved from flagellated protists similar to modern choanoflagellates.

Accepted Answer

A) 5 
B) 1, 3 
C) 2, 4 
D) 3, 5 
E) 3, 4, 5 
A) 5 
B) 1, 3 
C) 2, 4 
D) 3, 5 
E) 3, 4, 5

Question 4

Figure 32.1 shows a chart of the animal kingdom set up as a modified phylogenetic tree. Use the diagram to answer the following questions.
-Which of these is the basal group of the Eumetazoa?

Accepted Answer

A) I 
B) II 
C) III 
D) IV 
E) V 
A) I 
B) II 
C) III 
D) IV 
E) V

Question 5

The following questions are based on the description below.
A student encounters an animal embryo at the eight-cell stage. The four smaller cells that comprise one hemisphere of the embryo seem to be rotated 45 degrees and lie in the grooves between larger, underlying cells (spiral cleavage).
-With the current molecular-based phylogeny in mind, rank the following from most inclusive to least inclusive. 1. ecdysozoan
2) protostome
3) eumetazoan
4) triploblastic

Accepted Answer

A) 4, 2, 3, 1 
B) 4, 3, 1, 2 
C) 3, 4, 1, 2 
D) 3, 4, 2, 1 
E) 4, 3, 2, 1 
A) 4, 2, 3, 1 
B) 4, 3, 1, 2 
C) 3, 4, 1, 2 
D) 3, 4, 2, 1 
E) 4, 3, 2, 1

Question 6

Which of the following is descriptive of protostomes?

Accepted Answer

A) spiral and indeterminate cleavage, blastopore becomes mouth 
B) spiral and determinate cleavage, blastopore becomes mouth 
C) spiral and determinate cleavage, blastopore becomes anus 
D) radial and determinate cleavage, blastopore becomes anus 
E) radial and determinate cleavage, blastopore becomes mouth 
A) spiral and indeterminate cleavage, blastopore becomes mouth 
B) spiral and determinate cleavage, blastopore becomes mouth 
C) spiral and determinate cleavage, blastopore becomes anus 
D) radial and determinate cleavage, blastopore becomes anus 
E) radial and determinate cleavage, blastopore becomes mouth

Question 7

The following eight questions refer to Figure 32.2A (morphological) and Figure 32.2B (molecular) phylogenetic trees of the animal kingdom.
   
Figure 32.2A: Morphological Phylogeny
   
Figure 32.2B: Molecular Phylogeny
-According to both phylogenies depicted in Fig. 32.2, if one were to create a taxon called "Radiata" that included all animal species whose members have True radial symmetry, then such a taxon would be

Accepted Answer

A) paraphyletic. 
B) polyphyletic. 
C) monophyletic. 
D) a clade. 
E) both C and D 
A) paraphyletic. 
B) polyphyletic. 
C) monophyletic. 
D) a clade. 
E) both C and D

Question 8

An animal that swims rapidly in search of prey that it captures using visual senses concentrated at its anterior end is likely to be

Accepted Answer

A) bilaterally symmetrical and cephalized. 
B) coelomate and a protostome. 
C) eumetazoan and asymmetrical. 
D) diploblastic and radially symmetrical. 
E) heterotrophic and sessile. 
A) bilaterally symmetrical and cephalized. 
B) coelomate and a protostome. 
C) eumetazoan and asymmetrical. 
D) diploblastic and radially symmetrical. 
E) heterotrophic and sessile.

Question 9

What do animals as diverse as corals and monkeys have in common?

Accepted Answer

A) body cavity between body wall and digestive system 
B) number of embryonic tissue layers 
C) type of body symmetry 
D) presence of Hox genes 
E) degree of cephalization 
A) body cavity between body wall and digestive system 
B) number of embryonic tissue layers 
C) type of body symmetry 
D) presence of Hox genes 
E) degree of cephalization

Question 10

Phylogenetic trees, such as those in Fig. 32.2, are best understood as being scientific

Accepted Answer

A) theories. 
B) laws. 
C) principles. 
D) hypotheses. 
E) dogmas. 
A) theories. 
B) laws. 
C) principles. 
D) hypotheses. 
E) dogmas.

Question 11

What is the probable sequence in which the following clades of animals originated, from earliest to most recent?
1) tetrapods
2) vertebrates
3) deuterostomes
4) amniotes
5) bilaterians

Accepted Answer

A) 5 → 3 → 2 → 4 → 1 
B) 5 → 3 → 2 → 1 → 4 
C) 5 → 3 → 4 → 2 → 1 
D) 3 → 5 → 4 → 2 → 1 
E) 3 → 5 → 2 → 1 → 4 
A) 5 → 3 → 2 → 4 → 1 
B) 5 → 3 → 2 → 1 → 4 
C) 5 → 3 → 4 → 2 → 1 
D) 3 → 5 → 4 → 2 → 1 
E) 3 → 5 → 2 → 1 → 4

Question 12

The distinction between sponges and other animal phyla is based mainly on the absence versus the presence of

Accepted Answer

A) a body cavity. 
B) a complete digestive tract. 
C) a circulatory system. 
D) True tissues. 
E) mesoderm. 
A) a body cavity. 
B) a complete digestive tract. 
C) a circulatory system. 
D) True tissues. 
E) mesoderm.

Question 13

The following questions are based on the description below.
A student encounters an animal embryo at the eight-cell stage. The four smaller cells that comprise one hemisphere of the embryo seem to be rotated 45 degrees and lie in the grooves between larger, underlying cells (spiral cleavage).
-The most ancient branch point in animal phylogeny is that between having

Accepted Answer

A) radial or bilateral symmetry. 
B) a well-defined head or no head. 
C) diploblastic or triploblastic embryos. 
D) True tissues or no tissues. 
E) a body cavity or no body cavity. 
A) radial or bilateral symmetry. 
B) a well-defined head or no head. 
C) diploblastic or triploblastic embryos. 
D) True tissues or no tissues. 
E) a body cavity or no body cavity.

Question 14

Table 32.1. Proposed Number of Hox Genes in Various Extant and Extinct Animals
  
-All things being equal, which of these is the most parsimonious explanation for the change in number of Hox genes from the last common ancestor of insects and vertebrates to ancestral vertebrates, as shown in Table 32.1?

Accepted Answer

A) The occurrence of 7 independent duplications of individual Hox genes. 
B) The occurrence of 2 distinct duplications of the entire 7-gene cluster, followed by the loss of one cluster. 
C) The occurrence of a single duplication of the entire 7-gene cluster. 
A) The occurrence of 7 independent duplications of individual Hox genes. 
B) The occurrence of 2 distinct duplications of the entire 7-gene cluster, followed by the loss of one cluster. 
C) The occurrence of a single duplication of the entire 7-gene cluster.

Question 15

The following eight questions refer to Figure 32.2A (morphological) and Figure 32.2B (molecular) phylogenetic trees of the animal kingdom.
   
Figure 32.2A: Morphological Phylogeny
   
Figure 32.2B: Molecular Phylogeny
-What is True of the deuterostomes in the molecular phylogeny (Fig. 32.2B)that is NOT True in the traditional phylogeny (Fig. 32.2A)?

Accepted Answer

A) "Deuterostomia" is a clade. 
B) to maintain Deuterostoia as a clade, some phyla had to be removed from it. 
C) Deuterostomia now includes the Acoela. 
D) It is actually a grade, rather than a clade. 
E) It diverged from the rest of the Bilateria earlier than did the Acoela. 
A) "Deuterostomia" is a clade. 
B) to maintain Deuterostoia as a clade, some phyla had to be removed from it. 
C) Deuterostomia now includes the Acoela. 
D) It is actually a grade, rather than a clade. 
E) It diverged from the rest of the Bilateria earlier than did the Acoela.

Question 16

Figure 32.1 shows a chart of the animal kingdom set up as a modified phylogenetic tree. Use the diagram to answer the following questions.
-Which group contains diploblastic organisms?

Accepted Answer

A) I 
B) II 
C) III 
D) IV 
E) V 
A) I 
B) II 
C) III 
D) IV 
E) V

Question 17

Which of the following was the least likely factor causing the Cambrian explosion?

Accepted Answer

A) the emergence of predator-prey relationships between animals 
B) the accumulation of diverse adaptations, such as shells and different modes of locomotion 
C) the movement of animals onto land 
D) the evolution of Hox genes that controlled development 
E) the accumulation of sufficient atmospheric oxygen to support the more active metabolism of mobile animals 
A) the emergence of predator-prey relationships between animals 
B) the accumulation of diverse adaptations, such as shells and different modes of locomotion 
C) the movement of animals onto land 
D) the evolution of Hox genes that controlled development 
E) the accumulation of sufficient atmospheric oxygen to support the more active metabolism of mobile animals

Question 18

Some researchers claim that sponge genomes have homeotic genes, but no Hox genes. If True, this finding would

Accepted Answer

A) strengthen sponges' evolutionary ties to the eumetazoa. 
B) mean that sponges must no longer be classified as animals. 
C) confirm the identity of sponges as "basal animals." 
D) mean that extinct sponges must have been the last common ancestor of animals and fungi. 
E) require sponges to be reclassified as choanoflagellates. 
A) strengthen sponges' evolutionary ties to the eumetazoa. 
B) mean that sponges must no longer be classified as animals. 
C) confirm the identity of sponges as "basal animals." 
D) mean that extinct sponges must have been the last common ancestor of animals and fungi. 
E) require sponges to be reclassified as choanoflagellates.

Question 19

Arthropods invaded land about 100 million years before vertebrates did so. This most clearly implies that

Accepted Answer

A) arthropods evolved before vertebrates did. 
B) extant terrestrial arthropods are better adapted to terrestrial life than are extant terrestrial vertebrates. 
C) ancestral arthropods must have been poorly adapted to aquatic life, thus experienced a selective pressure to invade land. 
D) vertebrates evolved from arthropods. 
E) arthropods have had more time to co-evolve with land plants than have vertebrates. 
A) arthropods evolved before vertebrates did. 
B) extant terrestrial arthropods are better adapted to terrestrial life than are extant terrestrial vertebrates. 
C) ancestral arthropods must have been poorly adapted to aquatic life, thus experienced a selective pressure to invade land. 
D) vertebrates evolved from arthropods. 
E) arthropods have had more time to co-evolve with land plants than have vertebrates.

Question 20

Which of these genetic processes may be most helpful in accounting for the Cambrian explosion?

Accepted Answer

A) binary fission 
B) mitosis 
C) random segregation 
D) gene duplication 
E) chromosomal condensation 
A) binary fission 
B) mitosis 
C) random segregation 
D) gene duplication 
E) chromosomal condensation

Exam 32: An Introduction to Animal Diversity

At which developmental stage should one be able to first distinguish a protostome embryo from a deuterostome embryo?

Which distinction is given more emphasis by the morphological phylogeny than by the molecular phylogeny?

Figure 32.1 shows a chart of the animal kingdom set up as a modified phylogenetic tree. Use the diagram to answer the following questions. -Which of these is the basal group of the Eumetazoa?

Which of the following is descriptive of protostomes?

An animal that swims rapidly in search of prey that it captures using visual senses concentrated at its anterior end is likely to be

What do animals as diverse as corals and monkeys have in common?

Phylogenetic trees, such as those in Fig. 32.2, are best understood as being scientific

What is the probable sequence in which the following clades of animals originated, from earliest to most recent? 1) tetrapods 2) vertebrates 3) deuterostomes 4) amniotes 5) bilaterians

The distinction between sponges and other animal phyla is based mainly on the absence versus the presence of

Figure 32.1 shows a chart of the animal kingdom set up as a modified phylogenetic tree. Use the diagram to answer the following questions. -Which group contains diploblastic organisms?

Which of the following was the least likely factor causing the Cambrian explosion?

Some researchers claim that sponge genomes have homeotic genes, but no Hox genes. If True, this finding would

Arthropods invaded land about 100 million years before vertebrates did so. This most clearly implies that

Which of these genetic processes may be most helpful in accounting for the Cambrian explosion?

Introduction: Themes in the Study of Life

The Chemical Context of Life

Water and the Fitness of the Environment

Carbon and the Molecular Diversity of Life

The Structure and Function of Large Biological Molecules

A Tour of the Cell

Membrane Structure and Function

An Introduction to Metabolism

Cellular Respiration: Harvesting Chemical Energy

Photosynthesis

Cell Communication

The Cell Cycle

Meiosis and Sexual Life Cycles

Mendel and the Gene Idea

The Chromosomal Basis of Inheritance

The Molecular Basis of Inheritance

From Gene to Protein

Control of Gene Expression

Viruses

Biotechnology

Genomes and Their Evolution

Descent With Modification: a Darwinian View of Life

The Evolution of Populations

The Origin of Species

The History of Life on Earth

Phylogeny and the Tree of Life

Bacteria and Archaea

Protists

Plant Diversity I: How Plants Colonized Land

Plant Diversity Ii: the Evolution of Seed Plants

Fungi

Invertebrates

Vertebrates

Plant Structure, Growth, and Development

Transport in Vascular Plants

Soil and Plant Nutrition

Angiosperm Reproduction and Biotechnology

Plant Responses to Internal and External Signals

Basic Principles of Animal Form and Function

Animal Nutrition

Circulation and Gas Exchange

The Immune System

Osmoregulation and Excretion

Hormones and the Endocrine System

Animal Reproduction

Animal Development

Neurons, Synapses, and Signaling

Nervous Systems

Sensory and Motor Mechanisms

Animal Behavior

An Introduction to Ecology and the Biosphere

Population Ecology

Community Ecology

Ecosystems

Conservation Biology and Restoration Ecology

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