Question 1

Learning takes place in a connectionist network through a process of ___________ in which an error signal is transmitted starting from the property units.

Accepted Answer

A)  graceful degradation 
B)  error verification 
C)  spreading activation 
D)  back propagation 
A)  graceful degradation 
B)  error verification 
C)  spreading activation 
D)  back propagation

Question 2

According to the typicality effect

Accepted Answer

A)  objects in a category have a family resemblance to one another. 
B)  objects that are not typical stand out and so are more easily remembered. 
C)  items that are high in prototypicality are judged more rapidly as being in a group. 
D)  we remember typical objects better than nontypical objects. 
A)  objects in a category have a family resemblance to one another. 
B)  objects that are not typical stand out and so are more easily remembered. 
C)  items that are high in prototypicality are judged more rapidly as being in a group. 
D)  we remember typical objects better than nontypical objects.

Question 3

The principle illustrated when most people are able to recognize a variety of examples of chairs even though no one category member may have all of the characteristic properties of "chairs" (e.g., most chairs have four legs but not all do) is

Accepted Answer

A)  family resemblance. 
B)  prototypicality. 
C)  graded membership. 
D)  instance theory. 
A)  family resemblance. 
B)  prototypicality. 
C)  graded membership. 
D)  instance theory.

Question 4

In the semantic network model, a specific category or concept is represented at a

Accepted Answer

A)  link. 
B)  input unit. 
C)  node. 
D)  output unit. 
A)  link. 
B)  input unit. 
C)  node. 
D)  output unit.

Question 5

According to Rosch, the ___________ level of categories reflects people's everyday experience.

Accepted Answer

A)  exemplary 
B)  prototypical 
C)  basic 
D)  subordinate 
A)  exemplary 
B)  prototypical 
C)  basic 
D)  subordinate

Question 6

Learning in the connectionist network is represented by adjustments to network

Accepted Answer

A)  connection weights. 
B)  nodes. 
C)  hidden units. 
D)  output units. 
A)  connection weights. 
B)  nodes. 
C)  hidden units. 
D)  output units.

Question 7

Which of the following represents a basic level item?

Accepted Answer

A)  Musical instrument 
B)  Guitar 
C)  Rock guitar 
D)  Paul McCartney's bass guitar 
A)  Musical instrument 
B)  Guitar 
C)  Rock guitar 
D)  Paul McCartney's bass guitar

Question 8

Explain how learning occurs in a connectionist network. Describe the process of back propagation. How is the pattern of output activity in a network adjusted so that the output signal matches the correct signal for a given stimulus?

Accepted Answer

Connectionism is an approach to the stud

Question 9

The definitional approach to categorization

Accepted Answer

A)  is not well suited for geometrical objects but works for familiar everyday objects. 
B)  sets definite criteria called family resemblances that all category members must have. 
C)  doesn't work well for most natural objects like birds, trees, and plants. 
D)  was proposed to replace the prototype approach. 
A)  is not well suited for geometrical objects but works for familiar everyday objects. 
B)  sets definite criteria called family resemblances that all category members must have. 
C)  doesn't work well for most natural objects like birds, trees, and plants. 
D)  was proposed to replace the prototype approach.

Question 10

Present a hierarchical model for a living thing or artifact, moving from specific to general. Include at least three levels and be sure to include both sensory and functional properties.

Accepted Answer

Sure! Here is a hierarchical model for a

Question 11

According to the sensory-functional hypothesis, our ability to differentiate living things and artifacts depends on a semantic memory system that distinguishes _____ and one that distinguishes _____.

Accepted Answer

A)  sensations; facts 
B)  sensory attributes; function 
C)  serial nodes; familiar concepts 
D)  sequential networks; familial resemblance 
A)  sensations; facts 
B)  sensory attributes; function 
C)  serial nodes; familiar concepts 
D)  sequential networks; familial resemblance

Question 12

Collins and Quillian's semantic network model predicts that the reaction time to verify "a canary is a bird" is ___________ the reaction time to verify "an ostrich is a bird."

Accepted Answer

A)  interfered with by 
B)  faster than 
C)  the same as 
D)  slower than 
A)  interfered with by 
B)  faster than 
C)  the same as 
D)  slower than

Question 13

According to the ___________ approach, there are certain types of concepts that have specific neural circuits in the brain.

Accepted Answer

A)  semantic category 
B)  neuronal limitation 
C)  multiple-factor 
D)  sensory-functional 
A)  semantic category 
B)  neuronal limitation 
C)  multiple-factor 
D)  sensory-functional

Question 14

Which of the following is NOT one of the types of units found within a parallel distributed processing model?

Accepted Answer

A)  Hidden units 
B)  Input units 
C)  Working units 
D)  Output units 
A)  Hidden units 
B)  Input units 
C)  Working units 
D)  Output units

Question 15

The prototype approach to categorization states that a standard representation of a category is based on

Accepted Answer

A)  the definition of the category. 
B)  a universal set of category members. 
C)  a defined set of category members. 
D)  category members that have been encountered in the past. 
A)  the definition of the category. 
B)  a universal set of category members. 
C)  a defined set of category members. 
D)  category members that have been encountered in the past.

Question 16

Your text describes cross-cultural studies of categorization with U.S. and Itzaj participants. Given the results of these studies, we know that if asked to name basic level objects for a category, U.S. participants would answer ___________ and Itzaj participants would answer ___________.

Accepted Answer

A)  tree; tree 
B)  tree; oak 
C)  oak; tree 
D)  oak; oak 
A)  tree; tree 
B)  tree; oak 
C)  oak; tree 
D)  oak; oak

Question 17

Spreading activation

Accepted Answer

A)  primes associated concepts. 
B)  inhibits unrelated concepts. 
C)  creates new links between associated concepts. 
D)  weakens the link between unrelated concepts. 
A)  primes associated concepts. 
B)  inhibits unrelated concepts. 
C)  creates new links between associated concepts. 
D)  weakens the link between unrelated concepts.

Question 18

In the multiple-factor approach, the fact that people exhibit physical attributes, actions, and emotions is known as ________.

Accepted Answer

A)  weighting 
B)  stacking 
C)  loading 
D)  crowding 
A)  weighting 
B)  stacking 
C)  loading 
D)  crowding

Question 19

According to Collins and Quillian's semantic network model, it should take longest to verify which statement below?

Accepted Answer

A)  Turtles are turtles. 
B)  A turtle is an animal. 
C)  A turtle is related to a fish. 
D)  A turtle is an amphibian. 
A)  Turtles are turtles. 
B)  A turtle is an animal. 
C)  A turtle is related to a fish. 
D)  A turtle is an amphibian.

Question 20

One beneficial property of connectionist networks is graceful degradation, which refers to the property that

Accepted Answer

A)  these networks learn by a process that is analogous to the way a child learns about the world by making mistakes and being corrected. 
B)  learning a new concept does not interfere with remembering a previously learned concept. 
C)  damage to the system does not completely disrupt its operation. 
D)  learning can be generalized between similar concepts to facilitate future learning. 
A)  these networks learn by a process that is analogous to the way a child learns about the world by making mistakes and being corrected. 
B)  learning a new concept does not interfere with remembering a previously learned concept. 
C)  damage to the system does not completely disrupt its operation. 
D)  learning can be generalized between similar concepts to facilitate future learning.

Learning takes place in a connectionist network through a process of ___________ in which an error signal is transmitted starting from the property units.

According to the typicality effect

The principle illustrated when most people are able to recognize a variety of examples of chairs even though no one category member may have all of the characteristic properties of "chairs" (e.g., most chairs have four legs but not all do) is

In the semantic network model, a specific category or concept is represented at a

According to Rosch, the ___________ level of categories reflects people's everyday experience.

Learning in the connectionist network is represented by adjustments to network

Which of the following represents a basic level item?

Explain how learning occurs in a connectionist network. Describe the process of back propagation. How is the pattern of output activity in a network adjusted so that the output signal matches the correct signal for a given stimulus?

The definitional approach to categorization

Present a hierarchical model for a living thing or artifact, moving from specific to general. Include at least three levels and be sure to include both sensory and functional properties.

According to the sensory-functional hypothesis, our ability to differentiate living things and artifacts depends on a semantic memory system that distinguishes _ and one that distinguishes _.

Collins and Quillian's semantic network model predicts that the reaction time to verify "a canary is a bird" is ___________ the reaction time to verify "an ostrich is a bird."

According to the ___________ approach, there are certain types of concepts that have specific neural circuits in the brain.

Which of the following is NOT one of the types of units found within a parallel distributed processing model?

The prototype approach to categorization states that a standard representation of a category is based on

Your text describes cross-cultural studies of categorization with U.S. and Itzaj participants. Given the results of these studies, we know that if asked to name basic level objects for a category, U.S. participants would answer _ and Itzaj participants would answer _.

Spreading activation

In the multiple-factor approach, the fact that people exhibit physical attributes, actions, and emotions is known as ________.

According to Collins and Quillian's semantic network model, it should take longest to verify which statement below?

One beneficial property of connectionist networks is graceful degradation, which refers to the property that

Introduction to Cognitive Psychology

Cognitive Neuroscience

Perception

Attention

Short-Term and Working Memory

Long-Term Memory: Structure

Long-Term Memory: Encoding, Retrieval, and Consolidation

Everyday Memory and Memory Errors

Visual Imagery

Language

Problem Solving

Judgment, Decisions, and Reasoning

Filters

Exam 9: Conceptual Knowledge

Learning takes place in a connectionist network through a process of ___________ in which an error signal is transmitted starting from the property units.

According to the typicality effect

The principle illustrated when most people are able to recognize a variety of examples of chairs even though no one category member may have all of the characteristic properties of "chairs" (e.g., most chairs have four legs but not all do) is

In the semantic network model, a specific category or concept is represented at a

According to Rosch, the ___________ level of categories reflects people's everyday experience.

Learning in the connectionist network is represented by adjustments to network

Which of the following represents a basic level item?

Explain how learning occurs in a connectionist network. Describe the process of back propagation. How is the pattern of output activity in a network adjusted so that the output signal matches the correct signal for a given stimulus?

The definitional approach to categorization

Present a hierarchical model for a living thing or artifact, moving from specific to general. Include at least three levels and be sure to include both sensory and functional properties.

According to the sensory-functional hypothesis, our ability to differentiate living things and artifacts depends on a semantic memory system that distinguishes _____ and one that distinguishes _____.

Collins and Quillian's semantic network model predicts that the reaction time to verify "a canary is a bird" is ___________ the reaction time to verify "an ostrich is a bird."

According to the ___________ approach, there are certain types of concepts that have specific neural circuits in the brain.

Which of the following is NOT one of the types of units found within a parallel distributed processing model?

The prototype approach to categorization states that a standard representation of a category is based on

Your text describes cross-cultural studies of categorization with U.S. and Itzaj participants. Given the results of these studies, we know that if asked to name basic level objects for a category, U.S. participants would answer ___________ and Itzaj participants would answer ___________.

Spreading activation

In the multiple-factor approach, the fact that people exhibit physical attributes, actions, and emotions is known as ________.

According to Collins and Quillian's semantic network model, it should take longest to verify which statement below?

One beneficial property of connectionist networks is graceful degradation, which refers to the property that

Introduction to Cognitive Psychology

Cognitive Neuroscience

Perception

Attention

Short-Term and Working Memory

Long-Term Memory: Structure

Long-Term Memory: Encoding, Retrieval, and Consolidation

Everyday Memory and Memory Errors

Visual Imagery

Language

Problem Solving

Judgment, Decisions, and Reasoning

Filters

According to the sensory-functional hypothesis, our ability to differentiate living things and artifacts depends on a semantic memory system that distinguishes _ and one that distinguishes _.

Your text describes cross-cultural studies of categorization with U.S. and Itzaj participants. Given the results of these studies, we know that if asked to name basic level objects for a category, U.S. participants would answer _ and Itzaj participants would answer _.