Question 1

Failing to consider the law of large numbers most likely results in errors concerning

Accepted Answer

A)  confirmation bias. 
B)  utility. 
C)  the falsification principle. 
D)  the representativeness heuristic. 
A)  confirmation bias. 
B)  utility. 
C)  the falsification principle. 
D)  the representativeness heuristic. D

Question 2

Lydia is 48 years old, single, outspoken, and very bright. She majored in philosophy as an undergraduate. As a student, she was deeply concerned with issues of discrimination and social justice, and she participated in anti-nuclear demonstrations. Which of the following alternatives is most probable?

Accepted Answer

A)  Lydia is a U.S. Congresswoman. 
B)  Lydia is a U.S. Congresswoman and active in the feminist movement. 
C)  Lydia is a state governor. 
D)  Lydia is a state governor and active in the feminist movement. 
A)  Lydia is a U.S. Congresswoman. 
B)  Lydia is a U.S. Congresswoman and active in the feminist movement. 
C)  Lydia is a state governor. 
D)  Lydia is a state governor and active in the feminist movement. A

Question 3

What is the backfire effect? What cognitive factors are at work in this process? Describe a time when you have experienced the backfire effect with someone else-either exhibiting it or receiving it.

Accepted Answer

The backfire effect is a cognitive bias in which people reject evidence that contradicts their beliefs, causing them to become even more strongly entrenched in those beliefs. This can happen when a person's core beliefs are challenged, leading to a defensive reaction that actually strengthens their original position.

Several cognitive factors are at work in this process. One factor is confirmation bias, in which people seek out and interpret information in a way that confirms their existing beliefs. When faced with contradictory evidence, they may dismiss it or reinterpret it to fit their preconceived notions. Another factor is cognitive dissonance, which occurs when a person experiences psychological discomfort from holding conflicting beliefs or attitudes. To reduce this discomfort, they may reject the contradictory evidence and cling even more tightly to their original beliefs.

I can recall a time when I experienced the backfire effect while discussing climate change with a friend. Despite presenting them with scientific evidence supporting the reality of climate change, my friend became defensive and dismissed the evidence as biased or unreliable. This led to a heated argument and ultimately reinforced their belief that climate change was a hoax. In this instance, the backfire effect was at play as my friend's existing beliefs were so deeply ingrained that they rejected any information to the contrary, leading to a strengthening of their original position.

Question 4

When the "abstract" version of the Wason four-card problem is compared to a "concrete" version of the problem (in which beer, soda, and ages are substituted for the letters and numbers),

Accepted Answer

A)  performance is better for the concrete task. 
B)  performance is better for the abstract task. 
C)  performance is the same for both tasks. 
D)  performing the abstract task improves performance of the concrete task. 
A)  performance is better for the concrete task. 
B)  performance is better for the abstract task. 
C)  performance is the same for both tasks. 
D)  performing the abstract task improves performance of the concrete task.

Question 5

Tuan bought a new leather jacket after saving for many months for the luxury purchase. On the first day he went out wearing the new garment, he found a $50 bill on the sidewalk outside of his office. He now refers to the jacket as his "lucky jacket" and believes that it has some magical power to give him good fortune. Tuan's belief in the jacket's cosmic ability is an example of

Accepted Answer

A)  the availability heuristic. 
B)  an illusory correlation. 
C)  selective attention. 
D)  the falsification principle. 
A)  the availability heuristic. 
B)  an illusory correlation. 
C)  selective attention. 
D)  the falsification principle.

Question 6

Stereotypes are reinforced by all of the following EXCEPT

Accepted Answer

A)  the availability heuristic. 
B)  illusory correlations. 
C)  selective attention. 
D)  the falsification principle. 
A)  the availability heuristic. 
B)  illusory correlations. 
C)  selective attention. 
D)  the falsification principle.

Question 7

The phrase "You just hear what you want to hear" best reflects which of the following concepts?

Accepted Answer

A)  Belief bias 
B)  Expected emotion 
C)  Myside bias 
D)  Availability heuristic 
A)  Belief bias 
B)  Expected emotion 
C)  Myside bias 
D)  Availability heuristic

Question 8

The tendency to think that a syllogism is valid if its conclusion is believable is called the _________________.

Accepted Answer

A)  availability heuristic 
B)  confirmatory bias 
C)  belief bias 
D)  mental set 
A)  availability heuristic 
B)  confirmatory bias 
C)  belief bias 
D)  mental set

Question 9

Which of the following does NOT reflect the System 1 approach to thinking as proposed by Kahneman?

Accepted Answer

A)  Passive 
B)  Deliberate 
C)  Rapid 
D)  Automatic 
A)  Passive 
B)  Deliberate 
C)  Rapid 
D)  Automatic

Question 10

At a lunch meeting with a client, the CEO of Gossip Polls, Inc., was asked to determine America's favorite day of the week. Hundreds of Gossip employees across the U.S. started collecting data immediately, calling people at their residences. One hour later, the attitudes from 10,000 Americans, across all 50 states, were collected. A staff member called the CEO, still at her lunch meeting, to tell her the results of the poll: America's favorite day of the week is Monday. Given your text's discussion of inductive reasoning in science, we might suspect that the observations in this poll are not representative because

Accepted Answer

A)  the participants were only asked one question for this poll. 
B)  the participants were not sufficiently geographically diverse. 
C)  the people who are home to answer the phone in the early afternoon are not an appropriate cross-section of the U.S. population. 
D)  everyone in America was not asked their opinion. 
A)  the participants were only asked one question for this poll. 
B)  the participants were not sufficiently geographically diverse. 
C)  the people who are home to answer the phone in the early afternoon are not an appropriate cross-section of the U.S. population. 
D)  everyone in America was not asked their opinion.

Question 11

The evolutionary approach proposes that the Wason problem can be understood in terms of people's

Accepted Answer

A)  innate language abilities. 
B)  ability to work well with a group of others. 
C)  innate reasoning abilities. 
D)  tendency to detect when others are cheating. 
A)  innate language abilities. 
B)  ability to work well with a group of others. 
C)  innate reasoning abilities. 
D)  tendency to detect when others are cheating.

Question 12

Of the following real-world phenomena, the confirmation bias best explains the observation that people

Accepted Answer

A)  do not always make decisions that maximize their monetary outcome. 
B)  are more likely to purchase meat advertised as 80 percent fat free than 20 percent fat. 
C)  misjudge homicide as more prevalent in the U.S. than suicide. 
D)  can cite several reasons for their position on a controversial issue but none for the opposing side. 
A)  do not always make decisions that maximize their monetary outcome. 
B)  are more likely to purchase meat advertised as 80 percent fat free than 20 percent fat. 
C)  misjudge homicide as more prevalent in the U.S. than suicide. 
D)  can cite several reasons for their position on a controversial issue but none for the opposing side.

Question 13

The validity of a syllogism depends on

Accepted Answer

A)  the truth of its premises. 
B)  the truth of its conclusion. 
C)  its form. 
D)  both the truth of its premises and the truth of its conclusion. 
A)  the truth of its premises. 
B)  the truth of its conclusion. 
C)  its form. 
D)  both the truth of its premises and the truth of its conclusion.

Question 14

Compare and contrast myside bias and confirmation bias. Give an example of each concept to support your thinking.

Accepted Answer

Confirmation bias and myside bias are bo

Question 15

Consider the following syllogism:
All cats are birds. All birds have wings. All cats have wings.
This syllogism is

Accepted Answer

A)  valid. 
B)  invalid. 
C)  true. 
D)  both valid and true. 
A)  valid. 
B)  invalid. 
C)  true. 
D)  both valid and true.

Question 16

Bonnie has ordered her monthly supply of medicines through the mail for the past five years. Except for one order, all orders have arrived within two business days. Bonnie placed an order yesterday, and she expects to receive her order tomorrow. Bonnie is using

Accepted Answer

A)  an omission bias. 
B)  inductive reasoning. 
C)  the conjunction rule. 
D)  the similarity-coverage model. 
A)  an omission bias. 
B)  inductive reasoning. 
C)  the conjunction rule. 
D)  the similarity-coverage model.

Question 17

Consider the following argument:
Observation: Here in Nashville, the sun has risen every morning. Conclusion: The sun is going to rise in Nashville tomorrow.

Accepted Answer

A)  The argument is weak because there is only one specific case. 
B)  The argument is strong because the premise includes scientific evidence. 
C)  The argument is weak because the observation does not consider other cities. 
D)  The argument is strong because there are a large number of observations. 
A)  The argument is weak because there is only one specific case. 
B)  The argument is strong because the premise includes scientific evidence. 
C)  The argument is weak because the observation does not consider other cities. 
D)  The argument is strong because there are a large number of observations.

Question 18

Making probable conclusions based on evidence involves_________________reasoning.

Accepted Answer

A)  deductive 
B)  syllogistic 
C)  inductive 
D)  connective 
A)  deductive 
B)  syllogistic 
C)  inductive 
D)  connective

Question 19

An experiment measures participants' performance in judging syllogisms. Two premises and a conclusion are presented as stimuli, and participants are asked to indicate (yes or no) if the conclusion logically follows from the premises. Error rates are then calculated for each syllogism. This experiment studies _________________ reasoning.

Accepted Answer

A)  deductive 
B)  intuitive 
C)  falsification 
D)  inductive 
A)  deductive 
B)  intuitive 
C)  falsification 
D)  inductive

Question 20

Consider the following conditional syllogism:
Premise 1: If I don't eat lunch today, I will be hungry tonight.
Premise 2: I ate lunch today.
Conclusion: Therefore, I wasn't hungry tonight.
This syllogism is

Accepted Answer

A)  valid. 
B)  invalid. 
C)  biased. 
D)  abstract. 
A)  valid. 
B)  invalid. 
C)  biased. 
D)  abstract.

Failing to consider the law of large numbers most likely results in errors concerning

What is the backfire effect? What cognitive factors are at work in this process? Describe a time when you have experienced the backfire effect with someone else-either exhibiting it or receiving it.

When the "abstract" version of the Wason four-card problem is compared to a "concrete" version of the problem (in which beer, soda, and ages are substituted for the letters and numbers),

Stereotypes are reinforced by all of the following EXCEPT

The phrase "You just hear what you want to hear" best reflects which of the following concepts?

The tendency to think that a syllogism is valid if its conclusion is believable is called the _________________.

Which of the following does NOT reflect the System 1 approach to thinking as proposed by Kahneman?

The evolutionary approach proposes that the Wason problem can be understood in terms of people's

Of the following real-world phenomena, the confirmation bias best explains the observation that people

The validity of a syllogism depends on

Compare and contrast myside bias and confirmation bias. Give an example of each concept to support your thinking.

Consider the following syllogism: All cats are birds. All birds have wings. All cats have wings. This syllogism is

Bonnie has ordered her monthly supply of medicines through the mail for the past five years. Except for one order, all orders have arrived within two business days. Bonnie placed an order yesterday, and she expects to receive her order tomorrow. Bonnie is using

Consider the following argument: Observation: Here in Nashville, the sun has risen every morning. Conclusion: The sun is going to rise in Nashville tomorrow.

Making probable conclusions based on evidence involves_________________reasoning.

Consider the following conditional syllogism: Premise 1: If I don't eat lunch today, I will be hungry tonight. Premise 2: I ate lunch today. Conclusion: Therefore, I wasn't hungry tonight. This syllogism is

Introduction to Cognitive Psychology

Cognitive Neuroscience

Perception

Attention

Short-Term and Working Memory

Long-Term Memory: Structure

Long-Term Memory: Encoding, Retrieval, and Consolidation

Everyday Memory and Memory Errors

Conceptual Knowledge

Visual Imagery

Language

Problem Solving

Filters

Exam 13: Judgment, Decisions, and Reasoning

Failing to consider the law of large numbers most likely results in errors concerning

What is the backfire effect? What cognitive factors are at work in this process? Describe a time when you have experienced the backfire effect with someone else-either exhibiting it or receiving it.

When the "abstract" version of the Wason four-card problem is compared to a "concrete" version of the problem (in which beer, soda, and ages are substituted for the letters and numbers),

Stereotypes are reinforced by all of the following EXCEPT

The phrase "You just hear what you want to hear" best reflects which of the following concepts?

The tendency to think that a syllogism is valid if its conclusion is believable is called the _________________.

Which of the following does NOT reflect the System 1 approach to thinking as proposed by Kahneman?

The evolutionary approach proposes that the Wason problem can be understood in terms of people's

Of the following real-world phenomena, the confirmation bias best explains the observation that people

The validity of a syllogism depends on

Compare and contrast myside bias and confirmation bias. Give an example of each concept to support your thinking.

Consider the following syllogism: All cats are birds. All birds have wings. All cats have wings. This syllogism is

Bonnie has ordered her monthly supply of medicines through the mail for the past five years. Except for one order, all orders have arrived within two business days. Bonnie placed an order yesterday, and she expects to receive her order tomorrow. Bonnie is using

Consider the following argument: Observation: Here in Nashville, the sun has risen every morning. Conclusion: The sun is going to rise in Nashville tomorrow.

Making probable conclusions based on evidence involves_________________reasoning.

Consider the following conditional syllogism: Premise 1: If I don't eat lunch today, I will be hungry tonight. Premise 2: I ate lunch today. Conclusion: Therefore, I wasn't hungry tonight. This syllogism is

Introduction to Cognitive Psychology

Cognitive Neuroscience

Perception

Attention

Short-Term and Working Memory

Long-Term Memory: Structure

Long-Term Memory: Encoding, Retrieval, and Consolidation

Everyday Memory and Memory Errors

Conceptual Knowledge

Visual Imagery

Language

Problem Solving

Filters