Chat with AIExam 5: B: Eyewitness Testimony
List the five reasons why photo lineups are more common than live lineups.
(44) 
Verified■ They are less time-consuming to construct. The police can choose foils from their mug shot (pictures of people who have been charged with crimes in the past) files rather than find live persons.
■ They are por . The police are able to bring the photo array to the witness rather than have the witness go to the police department.
■ The suspect does not have the right to counsel being present when a witness looks at a photo array. This right is present with live lineups.
■ Because photos are static, the police need not worry that the suspect's behaviour may draw attention to himself or herself, thus invalidating the photo array.
■ A witness may be less anxious examining a photo array than a live lineup.
On the basis of the research you have read in the textbook,list five recommendations that you would make to police forces regarding how they should conduct police lineups.
(33) Verified-The lineup administrator should not know who is the suspect (i.e.,he/she should be blind to who is the suspect).
-The witness should be told that the culprit may not be present in the lineup.
-Lineup members (fillers,foils)should fit the description of the culprit provided by the witness and the suspect should not stand out as distinctive from the others.
-The entire lineup procedure should be videotaped.
-A statement should be taken regarding the confidence level of the eyewitness at the time of the identification and prior to the potential delivery of any feedback.
-Officers should inform witnesses that it is just as important to clear innocent suspects as it is to identify guilty suspects.
-Officers should not discuss a witness identification decision with the witness.
Distinguish between recall versus recognition tests of memory as dependent variables in research.Describe how recall and recognition responses made by witnesses can be examined.
(24) VerifiedRecall of the crime or the perpetrator can take two formats. With open-ended recall, also known as a free narrative, witnesses are asked to either write or orally state all they remember about the event without the officer (or experimenter) asking questions. With this type of recall, the witness also may be asked to describe the perpetrator. With direct question recall, witnesses are asked a series of specific questions about the crime or the perpetrator.
A witness's recall of the crime or the perpetrator can be examined for the following: (1) The amount of information reported. How many descriptors of the crime do witnesses report? How many descriptors of the perpetrator do witnesses report?; (2) The type of information reported. What is the proportion of peripheral details versus central details? What is the proportion of perpetrator details versus environment details?; (3) The accuracy of information reported. What is the proportion of correct descriptors reported? What is the proportion of omission errors (information the witness failed to report)? What is the proportion of commission errors (details falsely reported to be present)?
As for the recognition of the perpetrator, the typical recognition task is a lineup. A perpetrator lineup is a set of people presented to the witness, who in turn must identify the perpetrator if he or she is present.
A witness's recognition response can be examined for the following: (1) Accuracy of decision. What is the rate of correctly identifying the perpetrator in the lineup? What is the rate of correctly stating that the perpetrator is not present in the lineup. (2) Types of errors made. What is the rate of identifying an innocent person? What is the rate of stating that the perpetrator is not present when he or she is actually in the lineup
Distinguish between the cue-utilization hypothesis and the unusualness hypothesis as explanations for the weapon focus effect.
(39) What is the cross-race effect? Describe the three common explanations as to why the cross-race effect occurs.
(34) Define the misinformation effect within the context of eyewitness research.In addition,fully describe the three most common explanations for this effect
(34) List the correct decisions associated with both target-present and target-absent lineups.Also,list the potential errors that can be made in the lineup identification process and whether these errors are known or unknown to the police.
(48) Distinguish between a system variable and an estimator variable as related to eyewitness research.Provide one example of each.
(32) In general terms,how does the enhanced cognitive interview differ from the original cognitive interview? Name and define three of the five techniques specific to the enhanced cognitive interview.
(37) State two difficulties with the use of hypnosis in the eyewitness context.
(40) Describe the three major types of biases that have been found to increase false positives in lineup identifications.
(39) 
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