Exam 6: B: Child Victims and Witnesses

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-The CBCA is a method that facilitates distinguishing true from false statements made by children.
-The criteria are based on the underlying assumption that the quality and content of true memories will differ from that of fabricated memories.
-Two potential problems with the CBCA:
a.different decision rules for arriving at a conclusion
b.age of interviewee positively correlated with scores on the CBCA
c.inconsistencies in the number of criteria required for truthfulness to be determined.
d.scores influenced by how familiar the event is to the child and how old the child is
e.subjective scoring

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PHYSICAL ABUSE: A number of short-term effects of physical abuse have been determined.These include greater perceptual-motor deficits,lower measured intellectual functioning,lower academic achievement,externalizing behaviour such as aggression,and internalizing mental health difficulties such as hopelessness and depression.In a review of studies examining the long-term effects of physical abuse,Malinosky-Rummell and Hansen (1993)reported strong relations between physical abuse and nonfamilial and familial violence.Physically abused persons,especially males,engage in more nonfamilial violence than nonabused persons.In terms of familial violence,about 30% of physically abused or neglected persons abuse their own children (Kaufman & Zigler,1987; Widom,1989b).Moreover,being abused as a child predicted inflicting and receiving dating violence in a sample of university students.Also,spouses who were abusive reported higher rates of physical abuse than nonabusive spouses.Thus,experiencing physical abuse appears to increase the likelihood of perpetrating physical abuse.
SEXUAL ABUSE: Kendall-Tackett,Williams,and Finkelhor (1993 )examined 45 studies that considered the short-term effects of childhood sexual abuse.Common effects across the studies were behaviour problems,lowered self-esteem,inappropriate sexuality,and symptoms consistent with post-traumatic stress disorder.Research has found that within two years of being abused,children report a number of physical difficulties such as sleep disturbance,eating disorders,stomach problems,and headaches.Putnam (2003)identified three categories of outcomes in adults with a history of childhood sexual abuse (i.e.,long-term effects): (1)psychiatric disorders (depression), (2)dysfunctional behaviours (sexualized behaviours),and (3)neurobiological dysregulation (reduced hippocampal volume).Other long-term risks for
sexually abused children include depression,self-injurious behaviours,anxiety,and interpersonal distrust

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a.Use of a shield/screen to separate the child from the defendant
b.Allowing the child to provide testimony via closed-circuit television
c.Allowing a support person be with the child while he/she provides testimony
d.Admitting into evidence a videotaped interview with the child
e.Allowing hearsay testimony
f.Restricting to courtroom to the public,press,or media