Question 1

What happens to the rate of response when negative reinforcement is applied, and when punishment is applied?

Accepted Answer

A) both contingencies increase the rate of response 
B) negative reinforcement increases, but punishment decreases the rate of response 
C) both contingencies decrease the rate of response 
D) negative reinforcement decreases, but punishment increases the rate of response 
A) both contingencies increase the rate of response 
B) negative reinforcement increases, but punishment decreases the rate of response 
C) both contingencies decrease the rate of response 
D) negative reinforcement decreases, but punishment increases the rate of response

Question 2

Which of the following aspects of observational learning focuses on or highlights the importance of cognitions?

Accepted Answer

A) motivation to perform the behaviour 
B) ability to execute the behaviour effectively 
C) reproduction of behaviour 
D) retention of knowledge 
A) motivation to perform the behaviour 
B) ability to execute the behaviour effectively 
C) reproduction of behaviour 
D) retention of knowledge

Question 3

Your younger daughter watches your older daughter wash the breakfast dishes. Later, your younger daughter attempts to wash some dishes. What was your older daughter in this situation?

Accepted Answer

A) source 
B) negative reinforcer 
C) positive reinforcer 
D) model 
A) source 
B) negative reinforcer 
C) positive reinforcer 
D) model

Question 4

After training one of his dogs to salivate in response to a tone, Pavlov continued to present the tone periodically without the food. What did the dog do?

Accepted Answer

A) It kept responding at the same intensity, despite extended exposure to the tone alone. 
B) It stopped responding immediately. 
C) It initially responded to the tone at an even greater intensity than before. 
D) It gradually stopped responding to the tone. 
A) It kept responding at the same intensity, despite extended exposure to the tone alone. 
B) It stopped responding immediately. 
C) It initially responded to the tone at an even greater intensity than before. 
D) It gradually stopped responding to the tone.

Question 5

Cassie asked her father for a candy bar at the grocery store, and her father bought her the candy bar. If Cassie asks for more candy bars in the future, then what is the candy bar?

Accepted Answer

A) conditioned response 
B) discriminative stimulus 
C) reinforcer 
D) conditioned stimulus 
A) conditioned response 
B) discriminative stimulus 
C) reinforcer 
D) conditioned stimulus

Question 6

What is the first step in a behaviour modification program?

Accepted Answer

A) specify the target behaviour 
B) design a program 
C) gather baseline data 
D) specify the antecedents 
A) specify the target behaviour 
B) design a program 
C) gather baseline data 
D) specify the antecedents

Question 7

Provide specific, everyday examples (for instance, from child-rearing) of the following operant-conditioning phenomena: positive reinforcement, negative reinforcement, and punishment.

Accepted Answer

In evaluating students' examples, make c

Question 8

What should you predict about behaviour on the variable reinforcement schedule, given the same overall frequency of reinforcement on both fixed and variable schedules of reinforcement?

Accepted Answer

A) steadier response rates but lower resistance to extinction 
B) more breaks in responding and lower resistance to extinction 
C) more breaks in responding but greater resistance to extinction 
D) steadier response rates and greater resistance to extinction 
A) steadier response rates but lower resistance to extinction 
B) more breaks in responding and lower resistance to extinction 
C) more breaks in responding but greater resistance to extinction 
D) steadier response rates and greater resistance to extinction

Question 9

What is another name for operant conditioning?

Accepted Answer

A) classical conditioning 
B) observational learning 
C) respondent conditioning 
D) instrumental learning 
A) classical conditioning 
B) observational learning 
C) respondent conditioning 
D) instrumental learning

Question 10

Relative to extinction following continuous reinforcement, what is typical of extinction following intermittent reinforcement?

Accepted Answer

A) It proceeds more slowly. 
B) It proceeds more rapidly. 
C) It occurs at the same rate. 
D) It is more resistant to spontaneous recovery. 
A) It proceeds more slowly. 
B) It proceeds more rapidly. 
C) It occurs at the same rate. 
D) It is more resistant to spontaneous recovery.

Question 11

Which of the following represents most people's response to punishment and reinforcement?

Accepted Answer

A) They enjoy being negatively reinforced and dislike being punished. 
B) They enjoy being punished and dislike being negatively reinforced. 
C) They dislike being negatively reinforced or punished. 
D) They enjoy being negatively reinforced or punished. 
A) They enjoy being negatively reinforced and dislike being punished. 
B) They enjoy being punished and dislike being negatively reinforced. 
C) They dislike being negatively reinforced or punished. 
D) They enjoy being negatively reinforced or punished.

Question 12

What is continuous reinforcement?

Accepted Answer

A) Reinforcement is always available, regardless of what type of response occurs. 
B) Every participant in the group is reinforced. 
C) Every occurrence of the target response is reinforced. 
D) Reinforcement is delivered continually, regardless of whether or not a response is made. 
A) Reinforcement is always available, regardless of what type of response occurs. 
B) Every participant in the group is reinforced. 
C) Every occurrence of the target response is reinforced. 
D) Reinforcement is delivered continually, regardless of whether or not a response is made.

Question 13

Which of the following represents the interaction of classical and operant conditioning for avoidance learning?

Accepted Answer

A) Operant conditioning of escape is followed by classical avoidance. 
B) Operant avoidance is positively reinforced by a pleasant unconditional stimulus. 
C) Classical fear conditioning is followed by operant negative reinforcement. 
D) Classical conditioning of feelings of safety is reinforced by operant punishment. 
A) Operant conditioning of escape is followed by classical avoidance. 
B) Operant avoidance is positively reinforced by a pleasant unconditional stimulus. 
C) Classical fear conditioning is followed by operant negative reinforcement. 
D) Classical conditioning of feelings of safety is reinforced by operant punishment.

Question 14

What is a discriminative stimulus?

Accepted Answer

A) the same thing as an unconditioned stimulus 
B) a cue that indicates whether the unconditioned stimulus will be pleasant or aversive 
C) the same thing as a reinforcer 
D) a cue that indicates the probable consequences of an operant response 
A) the same thing as an unconditioned stimulus 
B) a cue that indicates whether the unconditioned stimulus will be pleasant or aversive 
C) the same thing as a reinforcer 
D) a cue that indicates the probable consequences of an operant response

Question 15

What does the cumulative recorder do in a Skinner box?

Accepted Answer

A) It delivers the reinforcers. 
B) It creates a graphic record of operant responding across time. 
C) It permits the experimenter to control the reinforcement contingencies. 
D) It provides a complete record of everything the animal does. 
A) It delivers the reinforcers. 
B) It creates a graphic record of operant responding across time. 
C) It permits the experimenter to control the reinforcement contingencies. 
D) It provides a complete record of everything the animal does.

Question 16

Pavlov found that meat powder placed on a dog's tongue will make the dog salivate. What is the meat powder in Pavlov's terms?

Accepted Answer

A) unconditioned stimulus 
B) conditioned stimulus 
C) conditioned response 
D) unconditioned response 
A) unconditioned stimulus 
B) conditioned stimulus 
C) conditioned response 
D) unconditioned response

Question 17

What do the renewal effect and spontaneous recovery both suggest about extinction?

Accepted Answer

A) Extinction permanently erases conditioned responses. 
B) Extinction suppresses, but does not erase, a learned association. 
C) Extinction has a permanent effect only in animals, not in people. 
D) Extinction alters the meaning of the unconditioned stimulus. 
A) Extinction permanently erases conditioned responses. 
B) Extinction suppresses, but does not erase, a learned association. 
C) Extinction has a permanent effect only in animals, not in people. 
D) Extinction alters the meaning of the unconditioned stimulus.

Question 18

When Clarice watches slasher movies, she covers her eyes as soon as she hears ominous music start to play. With which of the following is Clarice's response consistent?

Accepted Answer

A) negative reinforcement 
B) escape responding 
C) avoidance responding 
D) classical conditioning 
A) negative reinforcement 
B) escape responding 
C) avoidance responding 
D) classical conditioning

Question 19

Which learning theory is best able to explain why receiving physical punishment tends to increase aggressive behaviour in children?

Accepted Answer

A) Bandura's theory of observational learning 
B) Rescorla's theory of signal relations 
C) Pavlov's theory of classical conditioning 
D) Skinner's theory of operant conditioning 
A) Bandura's theory of observational learning 
B) Rescorla's theory of signal relations 
C) Pavlov's theory of classical conditioning 
D) Skinner's theory of operant conditioning

Question 20

After owning a car with a manual transmission, Horst buys a car with an automatic transmission. When first driving his new car, he keeps reaching for the nonexistent clutch and gearshift. What does this example illustrate?

Accepted Answer

A) stimulus discrimination 
B) stimulus generalization 
C) acquisition 
D) shaping 
A) stimulus discrimination 
B) stimulus generalization 
C) acquisition 
D) shaping

Exam 6: A: Learning

What happens to the rate of response when negative reinforcement is applied, and when punishment is applied?

Which of the following aspects of observational learning focuses on or highlights the importance of cognitions?

Your younger daughter watches your older daughter wash the breakfast dishes. Later, your younger daughter attempts to wash some dishes. What was your older daughter in this situation?

After training one of his dogs to salivate in response to a tone, Pavlov continued to present the tone periodically without the food. What did the dog do?

Cassie asked her father for a candy bar at the grocery store, and her father bought her the candy bar. If Cassie asks for more candy bars in the future, then what is the candy bar?

What is the first step in a behaviour modification program?

Provide specific, everyday examples (for instance, from child-rearing) of the following operant-conditioning phenomena: positive reinforcement, negative reinforcement, and punishment.

What should you predict about behaviour on the variable reinforcement schedule, given the same overall frequency of reinforcement on both fixed and variable schedules of reinforcement?

What is another name for operant conditioning?

Relative to extinction following continuous reinforcement, what is typical of extinction following intermittent reinforcement?

Which of the following represents most people's response to punishment and reinforcement?

What is continuous reinforcement?

Which of the following represents the interaction of classical and operant conditioning for avoidance learning?

What is a discriminative stimulus?

What does the cumulative recorder do in a Skinner box?

Pavlov found that meat powder placed on a dog's tongue will make the dog salivate. What is the meat powder in Pavlov's terms?

What do the renewal effect and spontaneous recovery both suggest about extinction?

When Clarice watches slasher movies, she covers her eyes as soon as she hears ominous music start to play. With which of the following is Clarice's response consistent?

Which learning theory is best able to explain why receiving physical punishment tends to increase aggressive behaviour in children?

After owning a car with a manual transmission, Horst buys a car with an automatic transmission. When first driving his new car, he keeps reaching for the nonexistent clutch and gearshift. What does this example illustrate?

A: The Evolution of Psychology

B: The Evolution of Psychology

A: The Research Enterprise in Psychology

B: The Research Enterprise in Psychology

A:The Biological Bases of Behaviour

B: The Biological Bases of Behaviour

A: Sensation and Perception

B: Sensation and Perception

A: Variations in Consciousness

B: Variations in Consciousness

B: Learning

A: Human Memory

B: Human Memory

A: Language and Thought

B: Language and Thought

A: Intelligence and Psychological Testing

B: Intelligence and Psychological Testing

A: Motivation and Emotion

B: Motivation and Emotion

A: Human Development Across the Life Span

B: Human Development Across the Life Span

A: Personality: Theory, Research, and Assessment

B: Personality: Theory, Research, and Assessment

A: Stress, Coping, and Health

B: Stress, Coping, and Health

A: Psychological Disorders

B: Psychological Disorders

A: Treatment of Psychological Disorders

B: Treatment of Psychological Disorders

A: Social Behaviour

B: Social Behaviour

Appendix B: Statistical Methods

Appendix C: Industrialorganizational Psychology

Appendix D: Evaluating the Quality of Web-Based Resources

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