Question 1

Which of the following will increase the likelihood that you will comply with a self-imposed behavioural modification program?

Accepted Answer

A) Make up a behavioural contract. 
B) Implement delays between the behaviour and the consequence. 
C) Ensure that the punishments are very severe and intermittent. 
D) Ensure that your reinforcers are relatively weak. 
A) Make up a behavioural contract. 
B) Implement delays between the behaviour and the consequence. 
C) Ensure that the punishments are very severe and intermittent. 
D) Ensure that your reinforcers are relatively weak.

Question 2

Which of the following examples most clearly shows that an animal's biological predispositions can affect the ease of learning an association?

Accepted Answer

A) Garcia's rats drinking sweet water that had been paired with shock 
B) Skinner's rats pressing levers in an operant chamber 
C) Pavlov's dogs learning to salivate to a tone 
D) Thorndike's cats escaping a puzzle box 
A) Garcia's rats drinking sweet water that had been paired with shock 
B) Skinner's rats pressing levers in an operant chamber 
C) Pavlov's dogs learning to salivate to a tone 
D) Thorndike's cats escaping a puzzle box

Question 3

Which of the following is true if a child likes both candy and money?

Accepted Answer

A) Both can be considered reinforcers, but only candy can be used as a reinforcer in a token economy. 
B) Although both are rewarding, only candy can actually be considered a reinforcer. 
C) Both can be considered reinforcers, but only candy is a primary reinforcer. 
D) Both can be considered primary reinforcers. 
A) Both can be considered reinforcers, but only candy can be used as a reinforcer in a token economy. 
B) Although both are rewarding, only candy can actually be considered a reinforcer. 
C) Both can be considered reinforcers, but only candy is a primary reinforcer. 
D) Both can be considered primary reinforcers.

Question 4

What happens in the brain of an individual who is observing the behaviour of another person, based on evidence from brain imaging?

Accepted Answer

A) Mirror neurons become active as the observer "experiences" what the model is doing. 
B) Parietal areas become less active, as the observer becomes focused on visual processing. 
C) Language areas become active as the observer engages in self-talk. 
D) Subcortical areas become less active, because the observer can have only emotional responses to his own behaviour. 
A) Mirror neurons become active as the observer "experiences" what the model is doing. 
B) Parietal areas become less active, as the observer becomes focused on visual processing. 
C) Language areas become active as the observer engages in self-talk. 
D) Subcortical areas become less active, because the observer can have only emotional responses to his own behaviour.

Question 5

Explain how a specific phobia could be acquired through classical conditioning, being sure to identify the unconditioned stimulus, unconditioned response, conditioned stimulus, and conditioned response in your example. Also, using classical conditioning, indicate how the phobia could be eliminated.

Accepted Answer

Good responses to this question should c

Question 6

Advertisers pair their products with attractive people or enjoyable surroundings, in the hope that the pairings will cause their products to evoke good feelings. Which learning principles are advertisers using?

Accepted Answer

A) observational learning 
B) operant conditioning 
C) classical conditioning 
D) instrumental conditioning 
A) observational learning 
B) operant conditioning 
C) classical conditioning 
D) instrumental conditioning

Question 7

Which of the following is an example of negative reinforcement?

Accepted Answer

A) paying a child $1 for each "A" received on her report card 
B) stopping nagging a child when he finally cleans his room 
C) giving a child a sweet dessert as a reward for finishing his dinner 
D) cutting a child's TV time by 30 minutes each time she is rude 
A) paying a child $1 for each "A" received on her report card 
B) stopping nagging a child when he finally cleans his room 
C) giving a child a sweet dessert as a reward for finishing his dinner 
D) cutting a child's TV time by 30 minutes each time she is rude

Question 8

A major automaker has developed a series of television commercials that show its cars in the great outdoors, in peaceful settings, away from the hustle and bustle of big cities. The company hopes that seeing the cars in these settings will condition good feelings about its cars. Which learning principle is this particular auto maker attempting to use?

Accepted Answer

A) operant conditioning 
B) classical conditioning 
C) observational learning 
D) noncontingent reinforcement 
A) operant conditioning 
B) classical conditioning 
C) observational learning 
D) noncontingent reinforcement

Question 9

What is the irrational fear and anxiety that a person experiences in a phobia, from a classical conditioning perspective?

Accepted Answer

A) conditioned stimulus 
B) unconditioned response 
C) conditioned response 
D) unconditioned stimulus 
A) conditioned stimulus 
B) unconditioned response 
C) conditioned response 
D) unconditioned stimulus

Question 10

On what schedule of reinforcement did Lynne provide treats after conditioning was well established?

Accepted Answer

A) fixed interval 
B) variable interval 
C) variable ratio 
D) fixed ratio 
A) fixed interval 
B) variable interval 
C) variable ratio 
D) fixed ratio

Question 11

When is a stimulus considered to be a reinforcer, according to Skinner?

Accepted Answer

A) when it reduces a biological need 
B) when it induces a biological need 
C) when it increases the probability of the response that produced it 
D) when it decreases the probability of the response that produced it 
A) when it reduces a biological need 
B) when it induces a biological need 
C) when it increases the probability of the response that produced it 
D) when it decreases the probability of the response that produced it

Question 12

Rafael's brother always says, "I'm going to get you," just before he hits Rafael. Alan's brother sometimes says, "I'm going to get you" just before he hits Alan; other times he says the words but doesn't actually hit Alan. What should you predict about Rafael's response when the boys hear the words "I'm going to get you," based on the work by Rescorla?

Accepted Answer

A) Rafael's will be an unconditioned response. 
B) Rafael's will be a stronger conditioned response than Alan will show. 
C) Rafael's will be a conditioned response, while Alan will show an unconditioned response. 
D) Rafael's will be a weaker conditioned response than Alan will show. 
A) Rafael's will be an unconditioned response. 
B) Rafael's will be a stronger conditioned response than Alan will show. 
C) Rafael's will be a conditioned response, while Alan will show an unconditioned response. 
D) Rafael's will be a weaker conditioned response than Alan will show.

Question 13

Which of the following would be an effective technique in setting up reinforcement contingencies in a self-modification program?

Accepted Answer

A) choosing a reinforcer that is readily available and relatively potent 
B) using delayed reinforcement 
C) arranging to reinforce yourself only after there has been a drastic change in the frequency of the target response 
D) using continuous rather than intermittent reinforcement 
A) choosing a reinforcer that is readily available and relatively potent 
B) using delayed reinforcement 
C) arranging to reinforce yourself only after there has been a drastic change in the frequency of the target response 
D) using continuous rather than intermittent reinforcement

Question 14

Eduardo's mother always wore Chantille perfume, and he always smelled it when she hugged him. Today, whenever he catches a whiff of Chantille perfume, it makes him feel calm and relaxed. Which learning process best accounts for Eduardo's response to the scent of Chantille perfume?

Accepted Answer

A) operant conditioning 
B) observational learning 
C) classical conditioning 
D) delayed reinforcement 
A) operant conditioning 
B) observational learning 
C) classical conditioning 
D) delayed reinforcement

Question 15

When Skyler was first training his dog, Smooches, to heel he would give Smooches a treat when she stayed close during walks. Now Smooches stays right by Skyler's side, even when she is not on her leash. Which of the following is true, for this situation?

Accepted Answer

A) Staying close was a negative reinforcer for receiving dog treats. 
B) The dog treats were negative reinforcers for staying close. 
C) Staying close was a positive reinforcer for receiving dog treats. 
D) The dog treats were positive reinforcers for staying close. 
A) Staying close was a negative reinforcer for receiving dog treats. 
B) The dog treats were negative reinforcers for staying close. 
C) Staying close was a positive reinforcer for receiving dog treats. 
D) The dog treats were positive reinforcers for staying close.

Question 16

What do we call the reappearance of a conditioned response after extinction and a period of rest?

Accepted Answer

A) disinhibition 
B) reconditioning 
C) spontaneous recovery 
D) stimulus generalization 
A) disinhibition 
B) reconditioning 
C) spontaneous recovery 
D) stimulus generalization

Question 17

What is the distinction between primary reinforcers and secondary reinforcers?

Accepted Answer

A) Primary reinforcers are internal, while secondary reinforcers come from the environment. 
B) Primary reinforcers are associated with classical conditioning while secondary reinforcers are associated with operant conditioning. 
C) Primary reinforcers are used first, while secondary reinforcers are used if primary reinforcers are not effective. 
D) Primary reinforcers satisfy biological needs while secondary reinforcers depend on learning. 
A) Primary reinforcers are internal, while secondary reinforcers come from the environment. 
B) Primary reinforcers are associated with classical conditioning while secondary reinforcers are associated with operant conditioning. 
C) Primary reinforcers are used first, while secondary reinforcers are used if primary reinforcers are not effective. 
D) Primary reinforcers satisfy biological needs while secondary reinforcers depend on learning.

Question 18

Your spouse withdraws attention from you each time you begin criticizing her cooking. Eventually, you stop criticizing your spouse's cooking. What is the withdrawal of attention in this situation,?

Accepted Answer

A) observational learning 
B) negative reinforcement 
C) punishment 
D) modelling 
A) observational learning 
B) negative reinforcement 
C) punishment 
D) modelling

Question 19

Researchers have found that animals show evidence of classical conditioning if they are injected with a drug that chemically causes immunosuppression, while they are simultaneously drinking an unusual-tasting liquid. What is the conditioned response in these studies?

Accepted Answer

A) the injection of the drug 
B) immunosuppression 
C) fear of the injection process 
D) the taste of the liquid that is used 
A) the injection of the drug 
B) immunosuppression 
C) fear of the injection process 
D) the taste of the liquid that is used

Question 20

What is the major difference between a conditioned stimulus and an unconditioned stimulus?

Accepted Answer

A) the order in which they are presented 
B) during conditioning, the response to one increases while the response to the other decreases 
C) one reliably elicits the response of interest prior to conditioning while the other does not 
D) the strength of the response that each stimulus elicits 
A) the order in which they are presented 
B) during conditioning, the response to one increases while the response to the other decreases 
C) one reliably elicits the response of interest prior to conditioning while the other does not 
D) the strength of the response that each stimulus elicits

Exam 6: A: Learning

Which of the following will increase the likelihood that you will comply with a self-imposed behavioural modification program?

Which of the following examples most clearly shows that an animal's biological predispositions can affect the ease of learning an association?

Which of the following is true if a child likes both candy and money?

What happens in the brain of an individual who is observing the behaviour of another person, based on evidence from brain imaging?

Explain how a specific phobia could be acquired through classical conditioning, being sure to identify the unconditioned stimulus, unconditioned response, conditioned stimulus, and conditioned response in your example. Also, using classical conditioning, indicate how the phobia could be eliminated.

Advertisers pair their products with attractive people or enjoyable surroundings, in the hope that the pairings will cause their products to evoke good feelings. Which learning principles are advertisers using?

Which of the following is an example of negative reinforcement?

What is the irrational fear and anxiety that a person experiences in a phobia, from a classical conditioning perspective?

On what schedule of reinforcement did Lynne provide treats after conditioning was well established?

When is a stimulus considered to be a reinforcer, according to Skinner?

Which of the following would be an effective technique in setting up reinforcement contingencies in a self-modification program?

Eduardo's mother always wore Chantille perfume, and he always smelled it when she hugged him. Today, whenever he catches a whiff of Chantille perfume, it makes him feel calm and relaxed. Which learning process best accounts for Eduardo's response to the scent of Chantille perfume?

When Skyler was first training his dog, Smooches, to heel he would give Smooches a treat when she stayed close during walks. Now Smooches stays right by Skyler's side, even when she is not on her leash. Which of the following is true, for this situation?

What do we call the reappearance of a conditioned response after extinction and a period of rest?

What is the distinction between primary reinforcers and secondary reinforcers?

Your spouse withdraws attention from you each time you begin criticizing her cooking. Eventually, you stop criticizing your spouse's cooking. What is the withdrawal of attention in this situation,?

Researchers have found that animals show evidence of classical conditioning if they are injected with a drug that chemically causes immunosuppression, while they are simultaneously drinking an unusual-tasting liquid. What is the conditioned response in these studies?

What is the major difference between a conditioned stimulus and an unconditioned stimulus?

A: The Evolution of Psychology

B: The Evolution of Psychology

A: The Research Enterprise in Psychology

B: The Research Enterprise in Psychology

A:The Biological Bases of Behaviour

B: The Biological Bases of Behaviour

A: Sensation and Perception

B: Sensation and Perception

A: Variations in Consciousness

B: Variations in Consciousness

B: Learning

A: Human Memory

B: Human Memory

A: Language and Thought

B: Language and Thought

A: Intelligence and Psychological Testing

B: Intelligence and Psychological Testing

A: Motivation and Emotion

B: Motivation and Emotion

A: Human Development Across the Life Span

B: Human Development Across the Life Span

A: Personality: Theory, Research, and Assessment

B: Personality: Theory, Research, and Assessment

A: Stress, Coping, and Health

B: Stress, Coping, and Health

A: Psychological Disorders

B: Psychological Disorders

A: Treatment of Psychological Disorders

B: Treatment of Psychological Disorders

A: Social Behaviour

B: Social Behaviour

Appendix B: Statistical Methods

Appendix C: Industrialorganizational Psychology

Appendix D: Evaluating the Quality of Web-Based Resources

Filters