Question 1

In today's business world, management often emphasizes positive reinforcement more than in the past. Which of your text's unifying themes does this illustrate?

Accepted Answer

A) Psychology is empirical. 
B) Behaviour is determined by multiple causes. 
C) Psychology evolves in a sociohistorical context. 
D) Our experience of the world is highly subjective. 
A) Psychology is empirical. 
B) Behaviour is determined by multiple causes. 
C) Psychology evolves in a sociohistorical context. 
D) Our experience of the world is highly subjective.

Question 2

What did Breland and Breland's work with "miserly raccoons" demonstrate?

Accepted Answer

A) Raccoons are less conditionable, and therefore less intelligent, than rats and pigeons. 
B) There are biologically imposed limits to the generality of conditioning principles. 
C) There are differences in appropriate rewards for different species. 
D) Principles of reinforcement (derived from studies of rats and pigeons) easily generalize to raccoons. 
A) Raccoons are less conditionable, and therefore less intelligent, than rats and pigeons. 
B) There are biologically imposed limits to the generality of conditioning principles. 
C) There are differences in appropriate rewards for different species. 
D) Principles of reinforcement (derived from studies of rats and pigeons) easily generalize to raccoons.

Question 3

The basic principles of gradual acquisition, extinction, stimulus generalization, and discrimination apply to which type of learning?

Accepted Answer

A) cognitive learning 
B) social learning 
C) both classical and instrumental conditioning 
D) learning by animals, but not learning by people 
A) cognitive learning 
B) social learning 
C) both classical and instrumental conditioning 
D) learning by animals, but not learning by people

Question 4

Thierry and Renée each want to train their dogs. Thierry wants his dog to feel relaxed when the doorbell rings. Renée wants her dog to bark only when she gives the command to do so. Which methods would be best for each of them?

Accepted Answer

A) operant conditioning for Thierry and classical conditioning for Renée 
B) operant conditioning for both 
C) classical conditioning for both 
D) classical conditioning for Thierry and operant conditioning for Renée 
A) operant conditioning for Thierry and classical conditioning for Renée 
B) operant conditioning for both 
C) classical conditioning for both 
D) classical conditioning for Thierry and operant conditioning for Renée

Question 5

What is it called when an organism acquires a behaviour that prevents the occurrence of an aversive event?

Accepted Answer

A) escape learning 
B) punishment learning 
C) avoidance learning 
D) negative reinforcement 
A) escape learning 
B) punishment learning 
C) avoidance learning 
D) negative reinforcement

Question 6

McKenna had an unplanned pregnancy when she was 19 years old. Following her pregnancy, McKenna started taking a birth control pill each day to prevent another pregnancy. What does this example illustrate?

Accepted Answer

A) Preventing a pregnancy acts as a positive reinforcer for taking birth control pills. 
B) Preventing a pregnancy acts as a negative reinforcer for taking birth control pills. 
C) Taking birth control pills acts as a negative reinforcer for preventing a pregnancy. 
D) Taking birth control pills acts as a positive reinforcer for preventing a pregnancy. 
A) Preventing a pregnancy acts as a positive reinforcer for taking birth control pills. 
B) Preventing a pregnancy acts as a negative reinforcer for taking birth control pills. 
C) Taking birth control pills acts as a negative reinforcer for preventing a pregnancy. 
D) Taking birth control pills acts as a positive reinforcer for preventing a pregnancy.

Question 7

On Tuesday morning, Chloe prepared her typical breakfast of cereal with milk, fruit, and black coffee. However, instead of having grapefruit with her breakfast as she normally does, she tried eating guava for the first time. Later she became extremely ill. If her illness causes her to develop a conditioned response to one of her breakfast items, which food will elicit the conditioned response?

Accepted Answer

A) grapefruit, because that was the one thing missing from her typical breakfast 
B) guava, because it was a novel stimulus 
C) coffee, because coffee is a stimulant 
D) milk, because the milk may have been sour 
A) grapefruit, because that was the one thing missing from her typical breakfast 
B) guava, because it was a novel stimulus 
C) coffee, because coffee is a stimulant 
D) milk, because the milk may have been sour

Question 8

What is the term for the rules that determine whether responses lead to the presentation of a reinforcer?

Accepted Answer

A) schedules of reinforcement 
B) stimulus contiguities 
C) reinforcement contingencies 
D) antecedents 
A) schedules of reinforcement 
B) stimulus contiguities 
C) reinforcement contingencies 
D) antecedents

Question 9

Your teenaged daughter has not cleaned her room in a month. You go in and begin yelling at her to clean her room. She begins to clean up, and you stop yelling. How could your daughter's behaviour be described in this situation?

Accepted Answer

A) escape responding 
B) classical conditioning 
C) avoidance responding 
D) positive reinforcement 
A) escape responding 
B) classical conditioning 
C) avoidance responding 
D) positive reinforcement

Question 10

Which of the following is likely true about a long delay between a response and its reinforcer?

Accepted Answer

A) The long delay allows time for a complex stimulus to be processed. 
B) The reinforcer becomes more salient, and thus more effective. 
C) Conditioning proceeds more slowly. 
D) It becomes more likely that stimulus generalization will occur. 
A) The long delay allows time for a complex stimulus to be processed. 
B) The reinforcer becomes more salient, and thus more effective. 
C) Conditioning proceeds more slowly. 
D) It becomes more likely that stimulus generalization will occur.

Question 11

The newest winning numbers in the lottery are announced on the local television station every Saturday night, at the end of the news hour. On which reinforcement schedule will people who are watching for the lottery numbers have their "watching" reinforced?

Accepted Answer

A) variable-interval 
B) fixed-ratio 
C) variable-ratio 
D) fixed-interval 
A) variable-interval 
B) fixed-ratio 
C) variable-ratio 
D) fixed-interval

Question 12

Geraldo begins to chew his fingernails every time his teacher enters the classroom. What is the antecedent in this case?

Accepted Answer

A) anticipated punishment 
B) the fear associated with the teacher 
C) the teacher entering the classroom 
D) chewing the fingernails 
A) anticipated punishment 
B) the fear associated with the teacher 
C) the teacher entering the classroom 
D) chewing the fingernails

Question 13

Complete the following analogy: Classical conditioning is to reflexes as operant conditioning is to ______________.

Accepted Answer

A) behaviour modification 
B) negative reinforcement 
C) discriminative stimuli 
D) voluntary behaviours 
A) behaviour modification 
B) negative reinforcement 
C) discriminative stimuli 
D) voluntary behaviours

Question 14

One Saturday, Lacey was sitting at home when the telephone rang. A local company was making promotional calls and told Lacey she had just won a $1,000 gift certificate. She felt a rush of excitement at the thought of what she could do with $1,000. Now Lacey finds that whenever she hears a telephone ring, she feels a surge of excitement. What is the rush of excitement that Lacey felt when she heard she had won, in this example?

Accepted Answer

A) conditioned response 
B) conditioned stimulus 
C) unconditioned response 
D) unconditioned stimulus 
A) conditioned response 
B) conditioned stimulus 
C) unconditioned response 
D) unconditioned stimulus

Question 15

What is the term for application of operant principles to solve behaviour problems?

Accepted Answer

A) insight training 
B) behaviour modification 
C) cognitive engineering 
D) modelling 
A) insight training 
B) behaviour modification 
C) cognitive engineering 
D) modelling

Question 16

Miguel used to enjoy occasionally drinking a glass of red wine, but when he drank too much red wine at a friend's party a few months ago he woke up with a terrible hangover. Since then, Miguel refuses to drink any red wine. What is the hangover in this case?

Accepted Answer

A) negative reinforcement for drinking red wine 
B) secondary reinforcer for attending parties 
C) conditioned response to wine drinking 
D) punishment for drinking red wine 
A) negative reinforcement for drinking red wine 
B) secondary reinforcer for attending parties 
C) conditioned response to wine drinking 
D) punishment for drinking red wine

Question 17

Josiah checks his email several times throughout the day. Some days there is mail each time he checks; sometimes several days go by with no new messages arriving. How is Josiah's behaviour of checking his email being reinforced in this example?

Accepted Answer

A) on a fixed-ratio schedule 
B) on a variable-interval schedule 
C) on a variable-ratio schedule 
D) on a fixed-interval schedule 
A) on a fixed-ratio schedule 
B) on a variable-interval schedule 
C) on a variable-ratio schedule 
D) on a fixed-interval schedule

Question 18

Which of the following is one reason that the criminal justice system does a poor job of deterring crime?

Accepted Answer

A) It relies too much on highly aversive punishment for mild crimes. 
B) It does not use reinforcing techniques. 
C) It delays punishment for too long after the crime occurs. 
D) It relies too little on the use of punishment. 
A) It relies too much on highly aversive punishment for mild crimes. 
B) It does not use reinforcing techniques. 
C) It delays punishment for too long after the crime occurs. 
D) It relies too little on the use of punishment.

Question 19

Cherise has developed a tolerance for the effects of heroin. She normally uses heroin in her boyfriend's apartment, and always uses the same administration routine. What will happen if Cherise uses heroin in a different location, using a different routine?

Accepted Answer

A) She will experience a placebo effect. 
B) She will be at risk of overdose. 
C) The drugs will not have the same powerful effect on her, so she won't feel as "high." 
D) She will be at risk for withdrawal symptoms. 
A) She will experience a placebo effect. 
B) She will be at risk of overdose. 
C) The drugs will not have the same powerful effect on her, so she won't feel as "high." 
D) She will be at risk for withdrawal symptoms.

Question 20

What is the process called when you selectively reinforce responses that are closer and closer approximations of some desired response?

Accepted Answer

A) shaping 
B) stimulus discrimination 
C) step-wise conditioning 
D) selection 
A) shaping 
B) stimulus discrimination 
C) step-wise conditioning 
D) selection

Exam 6: A: Learning

In today's business world, management often emphasizes positive reinforcement more than in the past. Which of your text's unifying themes does this illustrate?

What did Breland and Breland's work with "miserly raccoons" demonstrate?

The basic principles of gradual acquisition, extinction, stimulus generalization, and discrimination apply to which type of learning?

Thierry and Renée each want to train their dogs. Thierry wants his dog to feel relaxed when the doorbell rings. Renée wants her dog to bark only when she gives the command to do so. Which methods would be best for each of them?

What is it called when an organism acquires a behaviour that prevents the occurrence of an aversive event?

McKenna had an unplanned pregnancy when she was 19 years old. Following her pregnancy, McKenna started taking a birth control pill each day to prevent another pregnancy. What does this example illustrate?

What is the term for the rules that determine whether responses lead to the presentation of a reinforcer?

Your teenaged daughter has not cleaned her room in a month. You go in and begin yelling at her to clean her room. She begins to clean up, and you stop yelling. How could your daughter's behaviour be described in this situation?

Which of the following is likely true about a long delay between a response and its reinforcer?

The newest winning numbers in the lottery are announced on the local television station every Saturday night, at the end of the news hour. On which reinforcement schedule will people who are watching for the lottery numbers have their "watching" reinforced?

Geraldo begins to chew his fingernails every time his teacher enters the classroom. What is the antecedent in this case?

Complete the following analogy: Classical conditioning is to reflexes as operant conditioning is to ______________.

What is the term for application of operant principles to solve behaviour problems?

Miguel used to enjoy occasionally drinking a glass of red wine, but when he drank too much red wine at a friend's party a few months ago he woke up with a terrible hangover. Since then, Miguel refuses to drink any red wine. What is the hangover in this case?

Josiah checks his email several times throughout the day. Some days there is mail each time he checks; sometimes several days go by with no new messages arriving. How is Josiah's behaviour of checking his email being reinforced in this example?

Which of the following is one reason that the criminal justice system does a poor job of deterring crime?

Cherise has developed a tolerance for the effects of heroin. She normally uses heroin in her boyfriend's apartment, and always uses the same administration routine. What will happen if Cherise uses heroin in a different location, using a different routine?

What is the process called when you selectively reinforce responses that are closer and closer approximations of some desired response?

A: The Evolution of Psychology

B: The Evolution of Psychology

A: The Research Enterprise in Psychology

B: The Research Enterprise in Psychology

A:The Biological Bases of Behaviour

B: The Biological Bases of Behaviour

A: Sensation and Perception

B: Sensation and Perception

A: Variations in Consciousness

B: Variations in Consciousness

B: Learning

A: Human Memory

B: Human Memory

A: Language and Thought

B: Language and Thought

A: Intelligence and Psychological Testing

B: Intelligence and Psychological Testing

A: Motivation and Emotion

B: Motivation and Emotion

A: Human Development Across the Life Span

B: Human Development Across the Life Span

A: Personality: Theory, Research, and Assessment

B: Personality: Theory, Research, and Assessment

A: Stress, Coping, and Health

B: Stress, Coping, and Health

A: Psychological Disorders

B: Psychological Disorders

A: Treatment of Psychological Disorders

B: Treatment of Psychological Disorders

A: Social Behaviour

B: Social Behaviour

Appendix B: Statistical Methods

Appendix C: Industrialorganizational Psychology

Appendix D: Evaluating the Quality of Web-Based Resources

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