Question 1

Which of the following is true of a nonequivalent control group design?

Accepted Answer

A) The design does not include a separate control group. 
B) The two groups in the experiment are the result of random assignment. 
C) The problem of selection differences is likely to arise in this design. 
D) The same group of people is observed at different points in time as they grow older. 
A) The design does not include a separate control group. 
B) The two groups in the experiment are the result of random assignment. 
C) The problem of selection differences is likely to arise in this design. 
D) The same group of people is observed at different points in time as they grow older. C

Question 2

What is the difference between true experimental designs and quasi-experimental designs?

Accepted Answer

A) True experimental designs use random assignment, whereas quasi-experimental designs do not. 
B) True experimental designs use control groups, whereas quasi-experimental designs do not. 
C) Quasi-experimental designs use random assignment, whereas true experimental designs do not. 
D) Quasi-experimental designs use control groups, whereas true experimental designs do not. 
A) True experimental designs use random assignment, whereas quasi-experimental designs do not. 
B) True experimental designs use control groups, whereas quasi-experimental designs do not. 
C) Quasi-experimental designs use random assignment, whereas true experimental designs do not. 
D) Quasi-experimental designs use control groups, whereas true experimental designs do not. A

Question 3

A graduating college student takes the Graduate Record Exam and scores high marks. Six months later the student retakes the exam after completing all undergraduate coursework, but scores relatively low. Other than the boring coursework, what is most likely to account for the lower scores?

Accepted Answer

A) Maturation 
B) Testing 
C) Instrument decay 
D) Regression toward the mean 
A) Maturation 
B) Testing 
C) Instrument decay 
D) Regression toward the mean D

Question 4

The interrupted time series design involves:

Accepted Answer

A) making an observation immediately before and immediately after a treatment is instituted. 
B) using time as the independent variable. 
C) making observations over an extended period of time before and after a treatment is instituted. 
D) comparing treatment and control groups over an extended period of time. 
A) making an observation immediately before and immediately after a treatment is instituted. 
B) using time as the independent variable. 
C) making observations over an extended period of time before and after a treatment is instituted. 
D) comparing treatment and control groups over an extended period of time.

Question 5

Ethan has developed a scale to measure a person's fear of earthquakes. After the occurrence of an earthquake, he surveys 1000 individuals and finds the mean score to be 7.8 out of a possible 10 (the higher the score, the greater the fear). Ethan concludes that fear increases after people experience an earthquake. This study is an example of a:

Accepted Answer

A) true experiment. 
B) one group pretest-posttest design. 
C) control group design. 
D) one-shot case study. 
A) true experiment. 
B) one group pretest-posttest design. 
C) control group design. 
D) one-shot case study.

Question 6

Which of the following is a reversal design?

Accepted Answer

A) Pretest-posttest design 
B) Interrupted time series design 
C) ABAB design 
D) Quasi-experimental design 
A) Pretest-posttest design 
B) Interrupted time series design 
C) ABAB design 
D) Quasi-experimental design

Question 7

In a multiple baseline design, in order to conclude that a treatment is effective, a behavior change must be observed:

Accepted Answer

A) with multiple participants. 
B) under multiple circumstances. 
C) when a treatment is removed and reintroduced multiple times. 
D) before the manipulation is introduced. 
A) with multiple participants. 
B) under multiple circumstances. 
C) when a treatment is removed and reintroduced multiple times. 
D) before the manipulation is introduced.

Question 8

A study conducted by Ryan and Hemmes (2005) investigated the impact of rewarding college students with points for submitting homework. Their results suggested that overall, course points served as an incentive for submitting homework. However, some individual participants submitted homework even when no points were assigned. Because the researchers used a _____ design, they were able to quickly identify individual differences.

Accepted Answer

A) developmental 
B) control series 
C) single-case 
D) cross-sectional 
A) developmental 
B) control series 
C) single-case 
D) cross-sectional

Question 9

In a cross-sectional study, a difference among groups of different ages may reflect developmental age changes; however, these differences may result from _____ effects.

Accepted Answer

A) regression 
B) nonequivalent 
C) propensity 
D) cohort 
A) regression 
B) nonequivalent 
C) propensity 
D) cohort

Question 10

Ronan goes to several elementary schools where he tests students who are in the first grade, third grade, and sixth grade to examine the effect of age on a reasoning ability task. In his research, Ronan has used a _____ method.

Accepted Answer

A) longitudinal 
B) sequential 
C) cross-sectional 
D) time analysis 
A) longitudinal 
B) sequential 
C) cross-sectional 
D) time analysis

Question 11

Which of the following is true of propensity score matching?

Accepted Answer

A) It is a technique that uses random assignment. 
B) It allows individuals in the treatment and the control group to be matched on multiple variables. 
C) It allows researchers to study persons of different ages at only one point in time. 
D) It occurs whenever participants are selected because they score extremely high or low on some variable. 
A) It is a technique that uses random assignment. 
B) It allows individuals in the treatment and the control group to be matched on multiple variables. 
C) It allows researchers to study persons of different ages at only one point in time. 
D) It occurs whenever participants are selected because they score extremely high or low on some variable.

Question 12

A quasi-experimental design attempts to:

Accepted Answer

A) approximate the control features of true experiments. 
B) create natural conditions in the laboratory. 
C) control all extraneous variables after subjects have been randomly assigned. 
D) measure changes in the manipulated variable. 
A) approximate the control features of true experiments. 
B) create natural conditions in the laboratory. 
C) control all extraneous variables after subjects have been randomly assigned. 
D) measure changes in the manipulated variable.

Question 13

Why is the cross-sectional method more common than the longitudinal method?

Accepted Answer

A) The results are obtained relatively quickly and it is less expensive. 
B) The developmental change is observed directly among the same group of people. 
C) The differences among groups of different ages reflect developmental age changes. 
D) The results observed are based on comparisons among different cohorts of individuals. 
A) The results are obtained relatively quickly and it is less expensive. 
B) The developmental change is observed directly among the same group of people. 
C) The differences among groups of different ages reflect developmental age changes. 
D) The results observed are based on comparisons among different cohorts of individuals.

Question 14

A control series design is a(n) _____ design with a comparison group.

Accepted Answer

A) true experimental 
B) interrupted time series 
C) outcome series 
D) multiple baseline 
A) true experimental 
B) interrupted time series 
C) outcome series 
D) multiple baseline

Question 15

Which of the following is true of single-case designs?

Accepted Answer

A) The procedures for use with a single subject cannot be replicated with other subjects. 
B) The results are presented as group data with overall means. 
C) Complex statistical analyses are not required. 
D) Early interest in single-case designs in psychology came from research on classical conditioning. 
A) The procedures for use with a single subject cannot be replicated with other subjects. 
B) The results are presented as group data with overall means. 
C) Complex statistical analyses are not required. 
D) Early interest in single-case designs in psychology came from research on classical conditioning.

Question 16

Selection differences in the nonequivalent control group design are:

Accepted Answer

A) essential to the design because they enhance the independent variable. 
B) essential to the design because they allow greater differences than the dependent variable. 
C) problematic because they challenge the external validity of the study. 
D) problematic because they challenge the internal validity of the study. 
A) essential to the design because they enhance the independent variable. 
B) essential to the design because they allow greater differences than the dependent variable. 
C) problematic because they challenge the external validity of the study. 
D) problematic because they challenge the internal validity of the study.

Question 17

Which of the following is a variation of the multiple baseline design?

Accepted Answer

A) Across subjects 
B) Across treatments 
C) Across effects 
D) Across experiments 
A) Across subjects 
B) Across treatments 
C) Across effects 
D) Across experiments

Question 18

Selection differences are less likely to occur when researchers:

Accepted Answer

A) use pre-existing groups found in natural settings. 
B) randomly assign participants to groups. 
C) allow participants to assign themselves to groups. 
D) use nonequivalent control group design. 
A) use pre-existing groups found in natural settings. 
B) randomly assign participants to groups. 
C) allow participants to assign themselves to groups. 
D) use nonequivalent control group design.

Question 19

A researcher wants to investigate the effect of weather on college students' study habits. On a sunny day, the researcher sits in the quad and records the number of minutes each student puts into studying. The researcher finds that the mean number of minutes of study is 39.8. This is an example of a:

Accepted Answer

A) one-shot case study. 
B) one-group pretest-posttest design. 
C) sequential method. 
D) random group design. 
A) one-shot case study. 
B) one-group pretest-posttest design. 
C) sequential method. 
D) random group design.

Question 20

In the context of one-group pretest-posttest design and the associated threats to internal validity, any changes that occur systematically over time are called _____ effects.

Accepted Answer

A) regression 
B) testing 
C) maturation 
D) history 
A) regression 
B) testing 
C) maturation 
D) history

Which of the following is true of a nonequivalent control group design?

What is the difference between true experimental designs and quasi-experimental designs?

A graduating college student takes the Graduate Record Exam and scores high marks. Six months later the student retakes the exam after completing all undergraduate coursework, but scores relatively low. Other than the boring coursework, what is most likely to account for the lower scores?

The interrupted time series design involves:

Which of the following is a reversal design?

In a multiple baseline design, in order to conclude that a treatment is effective, a behavior change must be observed:

In a cross-sectional study, a difference among groups of different ages may reflect developmental age changes; however, these differences may result from _____ effects.

Ronan goes to several elementary schools where he tests students who are in the first grade, third grade, and sixth grade to examine the effect of age on a reasoning ability task. In his research, Ronan has used a _____ method.

Which of the following is true of propensity score matching?

A quasi-experimental design attempts to:

Why is the cross-sectional method more common than the longitudinal method?

A control series design is a(n) _____ design with a comparison group.

Which of the following is true of single-case designs?

Selection differences in the nonequivalent control group design are:

Which of the following is a variation of the multiple baseline design?

Selection differences are less likely to occur when researchers:

In the context of one-group pretest-posttest design and the associated threats to internal validity, any changes that occur systematically over time are called _____ effects.

Scientific Understanding of Behavior

Where to Start

Ethics in Behavioral Research

Fundamental Research Issues

Measurement Concepts

Observational Methods

Asking People About Themselves: Survey Research

Experimental Design

Conducting Experiments

Complex Experimental Designs

Understanding Research Results: Description and Correlation

Understanding Research Results: Statistical Inference

Generalization

Filters

Exam 11: Single-Case, Quasi-Experimental, and Developmental Research

Which of the following is true of a nonequivalent control group design?

What is the difference between true experimental designs and quasi-experimental designs?

A graduating college student takes the Graduate Record Exam and scores high marks. Six months later the student retakes the exam after completing all undergraduate coursework, but scores relatively low. Other than the boring coursework, what is most likely to account for the lower scores?

The interrupted time series design involves:

Which of the following is a reversal design?

In a multiple baseline design, in order to conclude that a treatment is effective, a behavior change must be observed:

In a cross-sectional study, a difference among groups of different ages may reflect developmental age changes; however, these differences may result from _____ effects.

Ronan goes to several elementary schools where he tests students who are in the first grade, third grade, and sixth grade to examine the effect of age on a reasoning ability task. In his research, Ronan has used a _____ method.

Which of the following is true of propensity score matching?

A quasi-experimental design attempts to:

Why is the cross-sectional method more common than the longitudinal method?

A control series design is a(n) _____ design with a comparison group.

Which of the following is true of single-case designs?

Selection differences in the nonequivalent control group design are:

Which of the following is a variation of the multiple baseline design?

Selection differences are less likely to occur when researchers:

In the context of one-group pretest-posttest design and the associated threats to internal validity, any changes that occur systematically over time are called _____ effects.

Scientific Understanding of Behavior

Where to Start

Ethics in Behavioral Research

Fundamental Research Issues

Measurement Concepts

Observational Methods

Asking People About Themselves: Survey Research

Experimental Design

Conducting Experiments

Complex Experimental Designs

Understanding Research Results: Description and Correlation

Understanding Research Results: Statistical Inference

Generalization

Filters