Question 1

The study and reconstruction of evolutionary relationships is

Accepted Answer

A) phylogeny. 
B) systematics. 
C) taxonomy. 
D) taxidermy. 
E) cladistics. 
A) phylogeny. 
B) systematics. 
C) taxonomy. 
D) taxidermy. 
E) cladistics.

Question 2

Based on the phylogeny shown,the group of species including (2-5)can best be described as a(n)

Accepted Answer

A) clade. 
B) paraphyletic group. 
C) polyphyletic group. 
D) cladogram. 
E) evolutionary treE. 
A) clade. 
B) paraphyletic group. 
C) polyphyletic group. 
D) cladogram. 
E) evolutionary treE.

Question 3

The table shows the distribution of traits (A-E)in six extant species (1-6).A "0" indicates the ancestral condition;a "1" is the derived condition.Construct a cladogram from these data.If we designate species 5 as the outgroup,which species have the greatest number of ancestral character states?

Accepted Answer

A) 1 
B) 1 and 4 
C) 2 
D) 3 
E) 6 
A) 1 
B) 1 and 4 
C) 2 
D) 3 
E) 6

Question 4

Based on the phylogeny shown,we can conclude that species 2 is most closely related to species

Accepted Answer

A) 1. 
B) 3. 
C) 4. 
D) 5. 
E) 1 or 3 (can't tell). 
A) 1. 
B) 3. 
C) 4. 
D) 5. 
E) 1 or 3 (can't tell).

Question 5

A group is considered monophyletic if

Accepted Answer

A) all members of the group share a common ancestor that is included in the group. 
B) not all descendants of the common ancestor are included. 
C) all members share homoplastic traits. 
D) the group does not contain the most recent common ancestor. 
E) it is the most parsimonious grouping. 
A) all members of the group share a common ancestor that is included in the group. 
B) not all descendants of the common ancestor are included. 
C) all members share homoplastic traits. 
D) the group does not contain the most recent common ancestor. 
E) it is the most parsimonious grouping.

Question 6

A group is considered paraphyletic if

Accepted Answer

A) all members of the group share a common ancestor. 
B) not all descendants of the common ancestor are included. 
C) the common ancestor of the group is not included in the group. 
D) the group does not contain the most recent common ancestor. 
E) it is the most parsimonious grouping. 
A) all members of the group share a common ancestor. 
B) not all descendants of the common ancestor are included. 
C) the common ancestor of the group is not included in the group. 
D) the group does not contain the most recent common ancestor. 
E) it is the most parsimonious grouping.

Question 7

Consider the cladogram associated with the question.Which pair of species shares the greatest number of derived characters (synapomorphies)?

Accepted Answer

A) 1 and 3 
B) 6 and 4 
C) 6 and 5 
D) 2 and 3 
E) 6 and 3 
A) 1 and 3 
B) 6 and 4 
C) 6 and 5 
D) 2 and 3 
E) 6 and 3

Question 8

The table shows the distribution of traits (A-E)in six extant species (1-6).A "0" indicates the ancestral condition;a "1" is the derived condition.Construct a cladogram from these data.Which pair of species shares the fewest number of derived characters (synapomorphies)?

Accepted Answer

A) 1 and 6 
B) 1 and 4 
C) 4 and 6 
D) 2 and 3 
E) 6 and 3 
A) 1 and 6 
B) 1 and 4 
C) 4 and 6 
D) 2 and 3 
E) 6 and 3

Question 9

Homoplasies can result from

Accepted Answer

A) convergent evolution. 
B) evolutionary reversals. 
C) both convergent evolution and evolutionary reversals. 
D) divergent evolution. 
E) adaptive radiations. 
A) convergent evolution. 
B) evolutionary reversals. 
C) both convergent evolution and evolutionary reversals. 
D) divergent evolution. 
E) adaptive radiations.

Question 10

The biological specialty that deals with the grouping and naming of organisms is called taxonomy or __________.

Accepted Answer

The answer of The biological specialty that deals with the...

Question 11

Consider the cladogram associated with the question.If we designate species 1 as the outgroup,which species has the greatest number of ancestral character states?

Accepted Answer

A) 2 
B) 3 
C) 4 
D) 5 
E) 6 
A) 2 
B) 3 
C) 4 
D) 5 
E) 6

Question 12

The table shows the distribution of traits (A-E)in six extant species (1-6).A "0" indicates the ancestral condition;a "1" is the derived condition.Construct a cladogram from these data.Which pair of species shares the greatest number of derived characters (synapomorphies)?

Accepted Answer

A) 1 and 3 
B) 6 and 4 
C) 6 and 5 
D) 2 and 3 
E) 6 and 3 
A) 1 and 3 
B) 6 and 4 
C) 6 and 5 
D) 2 and 3 
E) 6 and 3

Question 13

Select a false statement describing why cladistics may not always be the best method for reconstructing phylogenies based on data from the DNA genome.

Accepted Answer

A) The rate of evolution of the DNA genome is rapid. 
B) The assumptions of the principle of parsimony are not always met. 
C) Homoplasy often dominates the data sets. 
D) The number of character states for DNA is large. 
E) Much of the DNA does not code for proteins. 
A) The rate of evolution of the DNA genome is rapid. 
B) The assumptions of the principle of parsimony are not always met. 
C) Homoplasy often dominates the data sets. 
D) The number of character states for DNA is large. 
E) Much of the DNA does not code for proteins.

Question 14

The phylogenetic species concept (PSC)declares that a group is a species if it

Accepted Answer

A) is reproductively isolated from other species. 
B) has evolved one or more of its own derived characters. 
C) looks different than other species. 
D) is allopatric. 
E) has no synapomorphies. 
A) is reproductively isolated from other species. 
B) has evolved one or more of its own derived characters. 
C) looks different than other species. 
D) is allopatric. 
E) has no synapomorphies.

Question 15

The following steps are used to construct a cladogram that best reflects the evolutionary relationships of a group of species.If you arranged these steps from first to last,which step would be last?

Accepted Answer

A) polarize the characters 
B) establish the character states 
C) gather data on characters to be used 
D) apply the principle of parsimony 
E) select an outgroup 
A) polarize the characters 
B) establish the character states 
C) gather data on characters to be used 
D) apply the principle of parsimony 
E) select an outgroup

Question 16

Which one of the following statements about the evolution of larval dispersal in marine snails is false?

Accepted Answer

A) The observation that non-dispersing snails are more sedentary may lead to greater instances of allopatric speciation. 
B) Clades of non-dispersing snails are less species rich than dispersing snails. 
C) Loss of structures in the transition from dispersing to non-dispersing may inhibit evolutionary reversal. 
D) Possession of dispersing larvae is the ancestral state in snails. 
E) Cladistics shows that there are more instances of the transition from dispersing to non-dispersing larvae than the reversE. 
A) The observation that non-dispersing snails are more sedentary may lead to greater instances of allopatric speciation. 
B) Clades of non-dispersing snails are less species rich than dispersing snails. 
C) Loss of structures in the transition from dispersing to non-dispersing may inhibit evolutionary reversal. 
D) Possession of dispersing larvae is the ancestral state in snails. 
E) Cladistics shows that there are more instances of the transition from dispersing to non-dispersing larvae than the reversE.

Question 17

The table shows the distribution of traits (A-E)in six extant species (1-6).A "0" indicates the ancestral condition;a "1" is the derived condition.Construct a cladogram from these data.Based on this cladogram,which pair of species diverged most recently?

Accepted Answer

A) 1 and 4 
B) 2 and 3 
C) 2 and 4 
D) 6 and 4 
E) 6 and 5 
A) 1 and 4 
B) 2 and 3 
C) 2 and 4 
D) 6 and 4 
E) 6 and 5

Question 18

Which one of the following statements about the evolution of complex characters,such as powered flight,is false?

Accepted Answer

A) Phylogenetic analysis using cladistics can help reveal the sequence leading to the evolution of a complex character. 
B) Usually a single mutation in a key gene controlling development leads to the simultaneous appearance of the complex character. 
C) Often the initial stage in the evolution of a complex character was an adaptation to some unrelated selection pressure. 
D) All of the intermediate stages in the evolution of a complex character contributed to the fitness of the species. 
E) Long periods of time are required for the evolution of complex characters. 
A) Phylogenetic analysis using cladistics can help reveal the sequence leading to the evolution of a complex character. 
B) Usually a single mutation in a key gene controlling development leads to the simultaneous appearance of the complex character. 
C) Often the initial stage in the evolution of a complex character was an adaptation to some unrelated selection pressure. 
D) All of the intermediate stages in the evolution of a complex character contributed to the fitness of the species. 
E) Long periods of time are required for the evolution of complex characters.

Question 19

Which one of the following statements about the evolution of HIV is false?

Accepted Answer

A) All strains of HIV are included within clades of SIV strains. 
B) Each strain of HIV is more closely related to a strain of SIV than to other HIV strains. 
C) Humans acquired different subtypes of HIV from different primate hosts. 
D) AIDS appeared first in Africa,probably prior to 1940. 
E) Because of the low mutation rate of the HIV virus,it is possible to use phylogenetics to determine the source of infection for specific individuals. 
A) All strains of HIV are included within clades of SIV strains. 
B) Each strain of HIV is more closely related to a strain of SIV than to other HIV strains. 
C) Humans acquired different subtypes of HIV from different primate hosts. 
D) AIDS appeared first in Africa,probably prior to 1940. 
E) Because of the low mutation rate of the HIV virus,it is possible to use phylogenetics to determine the source of infection for specific individuals.

Question 20

A ______________ group does not contain the most recent common ancestor.

Accepted Answer

The answer of A ______________ group does not contain the...

Exam 23: Systematics and the Phylogenetic Revolution

The study and reconstruction of evolutionary relationships is

Based on the phylogeny shown,the group of species including (2-5)can best be described as a(n)

The table shows the distribution of traits (A-E)in six extant species (1-6).A "0" indicates the ancestral condition;a "1" is the derived condition.Construct a cladogram from these data.If we designate species 5 as the outgroup,which species have the greatest number of ancestral character states?

Based on the phylogeny shown,we can conclude that species 2 is most closely related to species

A group is considered monophyletic if

A group is considered paraphyletic if

Consider the cladogram associated with the question.Which pair of species shares the greatest number of derived characters (synapomorphies)?

The table shows the distribution of traits (A-E)in six extant species (1-6).A "0" indicates the ancestral condition;a "1" is the derived condition.Construct a cladogram from these data.Which pair of species shares the fewest number of derived characters (synapomorphies)?

Homoplasies can result from

The biological specialty that deals with the grouping and naming of organisms is called taxonomy or __________.

Consider the cladogram associated with the question.If we designate species 1 as the outgroup,which species has the greatest number of ancestral character states?

The table shows the distribution of traits (A-E)in six extant species (1-6).A "0" indicates the ancestral condition;a "1" is the derived condition.Construct a cladogram from these data.Which pair of species shares the greatest number of derived characters (synapomorphies)?

Select a false statement describing why cladistics may not always be the best method for reconstructing phylogenies based on data from the DNA genome.

The phylogenetic species concept (PSC)declares that a group is a species if it

The following steps are used to construct a cladogram that best reflects the evolutionary relationships of a group of species.If you arranged these steps from first to last,which step would be last?

Which one of the following statements about the evolution of larval dispersal in marine snails is false?

The table shows the distribution of traits (A-E)in six extant species (1-6).A "0" indicates the ancestral condition;a "1" is the derived condition.Construct a cladogram from these data.Based on this cladogram,which pair of species diverged most recently?

Which one of the following statements about the evolution of complex characters,such as powered flight,is false?

Which one of the following statements about the evolution of HIV is false?

A ______________ group does not contain the most recent common ancestor.

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