Question 1

One method used to demonstrate the reversibility of the effect of the independent variable is a(n):

Accepted Answer

A)  quasi-experimental design. 
B)  interrupted time series design. 
C)  control series design. 
D)  ABA design. 
A)  quasi-experimental design. 
B)  interrupted time series design. 
C)  control series design. 
D)  ABA design.

Question 2

In the context of one-group pretest-posttest design and the associated threats to internal validity,any changes that occur systematically over time are called _____ effects.

Accepted Answer

A)  regression 
B)  testing 
C)  maturation 
D)  history 
A)  regression 
B)  testing 
C)  maturation 
D)  history

Question 3

In a _____ design,a subject's behavior is measured over time during a baseline control period.

Accepted Answer

A)  single-case 
B)  control series 
C)  propensity score 
D)  nonequivalent control group 
A)  single-case 
B)  control series 
C)  propensity score 
D)  nonequivalent control group

Question 4

Which of the following is true of a nonequivalent control group design?

Accepted Answer

A)  The design does not include a separate control group. 
B)  The two groups in the experiment are the result of random assignment. 
C)  The problem of selection differences is likely to arise in this design. 
D)  The same group of people is observed at different points in time as they grow older. 
A)  The design does not include a separate control group. 
B)  The two groups in the experiment are the result of random assignment. 
C)  The problem of selection differences is likely to arise in this design. 
D)  The same group of people is observed at different points in time as they grow older.

Question 5

The use of existing natural groups of participants often results in:

Accepted Answer

A)  nonequivalent groups. 
B)  regression toward the mean. 
C)  many independent variables. 
D)  equal numbers of males and females. 
A)  nonequivalent groups. 
B)  regression toward the mean. 
C)  many independent variables. 
D)  equal numbers of males and females.

Question 6

What is the advantage of the pretest in the nonequivalent control group pretest-posttest design?

Accepted Answer

A)  The pretest accustoms the participants to the procedures of the study. 
B)  Participants who experience a pretest generally score higher on a posttest. 
C)  When groups are not equivalent,researchers can look at changes from pretest to posttest scores. 
D)  If the pretest scores are different,the study can be discontinued immediately. 
A)  The pretest accustoms the participants to the procedures of the study. 
B)  Participants who experience a pretest generally score higher on a posttest. 
C)  When groups are not equivalent,researchers can look at changes from pretest to posttest scores. 
D)  If the pretest scores are different,the study can be discontinued immediately.

Question 7

Professor Aaron finds that when he smiles and makes eye contact with Jeanne,she becomes more responsive to his questions.He tries the same behavior on David,Chris,and B.J.and finds that it also influences their responses to his questions.What type of single-case design did Professor Aaron employ?

Accepted Answer

A)  Across situations ABA design 
B)  Across behaviors multiple-baseline design 
C)  Across subjects multiple-baseline design 
D)  Across subjects ABA design 
A)  Across situations ABA design 
B)  Across behaviors multiple-baseline design 
C)  Across subjects multiple-baseline design 
D)  Across subjects ABA design

Question 8

Which one of the following is NOT a quasi-experimental design?

Accepted Answer

A)  Nonequivalent control group pretest-posttest design 
B)  Interrupted time series design 
C)  Correlated groups design 
D)  Control series design 
A)  Nonequivalent control group pretest-posttest design 
B)  Interrupted time series design 
C)  Correlated groups design 
D)  Control series design

Question 9

In a multiple baseline across situations design,_____.

Accepted Answer

A)  several different behaviors of a single subject are measured over time 
B)  the same behavior is measured in different settings 
C)  the behavior of several subjects is measured over time 
D)  all subjects are exposed to a particular situational variable 
A)  several different behaviors of a single subject are measured over time 
B)  the same behavior is measured in different settings 
C)  the behavior of several subjects is measured over time 
D)  all subjects are exposed to a particular situational variable

Question 10

A researcher asks students to record in a journal the emotions they experience every hour.She finds that over time,the descriptions become shorter and less detailed.What may be responsible for this change in performance?

Accepted Answer

A)  Regression toward the mean 
B)  Cohort effect 
C)  Instrument decay 
D)  Selection bias 
A)  Regression toward the mean 
B)  Cohort effect 
C)  Instrument decay 
D)  Selection bias

Question 11

A study conducted by Ryan and Hemmes (2005)investigated the impact of rewarding college students with points for submitting homework.Their results suggested that overall,course points served as an incentive for submitting homework.However,some individual participants submitted homework even when no points were assigned.Because the researchers used a _____ design,they were able to quickly identify individual differences.

Accepted Answer

A)  developmental 
B)  control series 
C)  single-case 
D)  cross-sectional 
A)  developmental 
B)  control series 
C)  single-case 
D)  cross-sectional

Question 12

A researcher administers a reading test to a group of fourth graders at the beginning of the school year.During the year,the students receive an intensive program designed to improve reading skills.At the end of the year,the reading test is given again and a large improvement in test scores is discovered.Identify the type of study.

Accepted Answer

A)  One-shot case study 
B)  One-group pretest-posttest design 
C)  Nonequivalent control group design 
D)  Interrupted time series design 
A)  One-shot case study 
B)  One-group pretest-posttest design 
C)  Nonequivalent control group design 
D)  Interrupted time series design

Question 13

Selection differences in the nonequivalent control group design are:

Accepted Answer

A)  essential to the design because they enhance the independent variable. 
B)  essential to the design because they allow greater differences than the dependent variable. 
C)  problematic because they challenge the external validity of the study. 
D)  problematic because they challenge the internal validity of the study. 
A)  essential to the design because they enhance the independent variable. 
B)  essential to the design because they allow greater differences than the dependent variable. 
C)  problematic because they challenge the external validity of the study. 
D)  problematic because they challenge the internal validity of the study.

Question 14

Single-case experiments were developed from a need to:

Accepted Answer

A)  have a design that examines a measurement at only one point in time. 
B)  measure only a single dependent variable. 
C)  determine whether a manipulation has an effect on a single research participant. 
D)  overcome selection differences that occur in nonequivalent control group design. 
A)  have a design that examines a measurement at only one point in time. 
B)  measure only a single dependent variable. 
C)  determine whether a manipulation has an effect on a single research participant. 
D)  overcome selection differences that occur in nonequivalent control group design.

Question 15

A researcher records the number of motorcycle fatalities before and after the implementation of a mandatory helmet law.During the same period,she compares this number to the number of motorcycle fatalities of three states that do not have mandatory helmet laws.This research design would be an example of a(n)_____ design.

Accepted Answer

A)  true experiment 
B)  single case 
C)  interrupted time series 
D)  control series 
A)  true experiment 
B)  single case 
C)  interrupted time series 
D)  control series

Question 16

From an ethical viewpoint,the ABAB design is preferred over the ABA design because:

Accepted Answer

A)  the ABAB design more powerfully rules out chance fluctuations and coincidental events. 
B)  the ABAB design is less expensive and less time-consuming. 
C)  a single reversal,in most cases,tends to be an extremely powerful evidence for the effectiveness of the treatment. 
D)  it does not seem right to end the design with the withdrawal of a treatment that may be beneficial to the participant. 
A)  the ABAB design more powerfully rules out chance fluctuations and coincidental events. 
B)  the ABAB design is less expensive and less time-consuming. 
C)  a single reversal,in most cases,tends to be an extremely powerful evidence for the effectiveness of the treatment. 
D)  it does not seem right to end the design with the withdrawal of a treatment that may be beneficial to the participant.

Question 17

In developmental research,a cohort is:

Accepted Answer

A)  someone who shares an individual's living quarters. 
B)  someone who has many similar characteristics as the individual under study. 
C)  a group of people born at about the same time,exposed to the same events in a society. 
D)  a group of people who lived apart,influenced by different demographic trends. 
A)  someone who shares an individual's living quarters. 
B)  someone who has many similar characteristics as the individual under study. 
C)  a group of people born at about the same time,exposed to the same events in a society. 
D)  a group of people who lived apart,influenced by different demographic trends.

Question 18

A researcher wants to test the effect of alcohol on driving performance.Participants first drive through an obstacle course before drinking any alcohol.The participants then drink 8 ounces of alcohol and drive the course again.After each trial,the number of traffic cones hit is recorded.The researcher finds that the number of traffic cones hit is greater before rather than after the participants drank the alcohol.What may best account for the change in performance?

Accepted Answer

A)  Maturation 
B)  History 
C)  Testing effect 
D)  Instrument decay 
A)  Maturation 
B)  History 
C)  Testing effect 
D)  Instrument decay

Question 19

_____ designs address the need to study the effect of an independent variable in settings in which the control features of true experimental designs cannot be achieved.

Accepted Answer

A)  Single-case experimental 
B)  Multiple baseline 
C)  Interrupted time series 
D)  Quasi-experimental 
A)  Single-case experimental 
B)  Multiple baseline 
C)  Interrupted time series 
D)  Quasi-experimental

Question 20

An advantage of the ABAB reversal design over the ABA design is that it:

Accepted Answer

A)  is less expensive. 
B)  allows for fewer alternative explanations for the results. 
C)  can be used in clinical research. 
D)  is less time consuming. 
A)  is less expensive. 
B)  allows for fewer alternative explanations for the results. 
C)  can be used in clinical research. 
D)  is less time consuming.

One method used to demonstrate the reversibility of the effect of the independent variable is a(n):

In the context of one-group pretest-posttest design and the associated threats to internal validity,any changes that occur systematically over time are called _____ effects.

In a _____ design,a subject's behavior is measured over time during a baseline control period.

Which of the following is true of a nonequivalent control group design?

The use of existing natural groups of participants often results in:

What is the advantage of the pretest in the nonequivalent control group pretest-posttest design?

Professor Aaron finds that when he smiles and makes eye contact with Jeanne,she becomes more responsive to his questions.He tries the same behavior on David,Chris,and B.J.and finds that it also influences their responses to his questions.What type of single-case design did Professor Aaron employ?

Which one of the following is NOT a quasi-experimental design?

In a multiple baseline across situations design,_____.

A researcher asks students to record in a journal the emotions they experience every hour.She finds that over time,the descriptions become shorter and less detailed.What may be responsible for this change in performance?

Selection differences in the nonequivalent control group design are:

Single-case experiments were developed from a need to:

From an ethical viewpoint,the ABAB design is preferred over the ABA design because:

In developmental research,a cohort is:

_____ designs address the need to study the effect of an independent variable in settings in which the control features of true experimental designs cannot be achieved.

An advantage of the ABAB reversal design over the ABA design is that it:

Scientific Understanding of Behavior

Where to Start

Ethics in Behavioral Research

Fundamental Research Issues

Measurement Concepts

Observational Methods

Asking People About Themselves: Survey Research

Experimental Design

Conducting Experiments

Complex Experimental Designs

Understanding Research Results: Description and Correlation

Understanding Research Results: Statistical Inference

Generalization

Filters

Exam 11: Single-Case, Quasi-Experimental, and Developmental Research

One method used to demonstrate the reversibility of the effect of the independent variable is a(n):

In the context of one-group pretest-posttest design and the associated threats to internal validity,any changes that occur systematically over time are called _____ effects.

In a _____ design,a subject's behavior is measured over time during a baseline control period.

Which of the following is true of a nonequivalent control group design?

The use of existing natural groups of participants often results in:

What is the advantage of the pretest in the nonequivalent control group pretest-posttest design?

Professor Aaron finds that when he smiles and makes eye contact with Jeanne,she becomes more responsive to his questions.He tries the same behavior on David,Chris,and B.J.and finds that it also influences their responses to his questions.What type of single-case design did Professor Aaron employ?

Which one of the following is NOT a quasi-experimental design?

In a multiple baseline across situations design,_____.

A researcher asks students to record in a journal the emotions they experience every hour.She finds that over time,the descriptions become shorter and less detailed.What may be responsible for this change in performance?

Selection differences in the nonequivalent control group design are:

Single-case experiments were developed from a need to:

From an ethical viewpoint,the ABAB design is preferred over the ABA design because:

In developmental research,a cohort is:

_____ designs address the need to study the effect of an independent variable in settings in which the control features of true experimental designs cannot be achieved.

An advantage of the ABAB reversal design over the ABA design is that it:

Scientific Understanding of Behavior

Where to Start

Ethics in Behavioral Research

Fundamental Research Issues

Measurement Concepts

Observational Methods

Asking People About Themselves: Survey Research

Experimental Design

Conducting Experiments

Complex Experimental Designs

Understanding Research Results: Description and Correlation

Understanding Research Results: Statistical Inference

Generalization

Filters