Question 1

A problem with both Cramer's V and phi is that values between 0.00 and 1.00

Accepted Answer

A) are very rare. 
B) are mathematically impossible. 
C) can actually indicate negative relationships. 
D) can be interpreted only as an index of the relative strength of the association. 
A) are very rare. 
B) are mathematically impossible. 
C) can actually indicate negative relationships. 
D) can be interpreted only as an index of the relative strength of the association.

Question 2

The strength of an association between variables can be shown by computing phi,a measure that is

Accepted Answer

A) appropriate for 2x2 tables. 
B) relatively easy to calculate. 
C) based on chi square. 
D) all of these 
A) appropriate for 2x2 tables. 
B) relatively easy to calculate. 
C) based on chi square. 
D) all of these

Question 3

To prove that one variable causes another,we use

Accepted Answer

A) measures of association. 
B) tests of significance. 
C) ANOVA. 
D) None of these;neither measures of association or tests of significance can prove causal relationships. 
A) measures of association. 
B) tests of significance. 
C) ANOVA. 
D) None of these;neither measures of association or tests of significance can prove causal relationships.

Question 4

If there is a perfect association between sexual attraction and accelerated heartbeat,then

Accepted Answer

A) sex is unhealthy. 
B) there is strong evidence that sexual attraction and accelerated heartbeat are causally related. 
C) if there is no sexual attraction,the heartbeat never accelerates. 
D) whenever the heartbeat accelerates,people become sexually attractive. 
A) sex is unhealthy. 
B) there is strong evidence that sexual attraction and accelerated heartbeat are causally related. 
C) if there is no sexual attraction,the heartbeat never accelerates. 
D) whenever the heartbeat accelerates,people become sexually attractive.

Question 5

If you would like to compute a chi-square based measure of association for a 3x4 table,the appropriate measure would be

Accepted Answer

A) Cramer's V. 
B) phi. 
C) lambda. 
D) the maximum difference. 
A) Cramer's V. 
B) phi. 
C) lambda. 
D) the maximum difference.

Question 6

If variables are arranged in a bivariate table,we can see if they are associated by

Accepted Answer

A) adding their scores vertically. 
B) subtracting their scores horizontally. 
C) computing percentages in the direction of the independent variable. 
D) computing percentages in the direction of the dependent variable. 
A) adding their scores vertically. 
B) subtracting their scores horizontally. 
C) computing percentages in the direction of the independent variable. 
D) computing percentages in the direction of the dependent variable.

Question 7

While ignoring the independent variable,we make 78 errors when predicting the dependent variable.When taking the independent into account,we reduce the number of errors to 43.Therefore

Accepted Answer

A) the variables are not associated. 
B) the variables are associated. 
C) the independent variable is definitely a cause of the dependent variable. 
D) phi will be 0. 
A) the variables are not associated. 
B) the variables are associated. 
C) the independent variable is definitely a cause of the dependent variable. 
D) phi will be 0.

Question 8

A researcher tested the relationship between education and support for assisted suicide ("death with dignity")and found that support increased as education increased and that the maximum difference was 45.This relationship is

Accepted Answer

A) strong negative. 
B) weak positive. 
C) strong positive. 
D) significant but not important. 
A) strong negative. 
B) weak positive. 
C) strong positive. 
D) significant but not important.

Question 9

For variables measured at the ordinal and interval-ratio levels,measures of association will have a lower limit of ____ and an upper limit of ____.

Accepted Answer

A) 0;100 
B) 0;$\pm$1 
C) 0;1 
D) 1;0 
A) 0;100 
B) 0;$\pm$1 
C) 0;1 
D) 1;0

Question 10

A researcher has found a strong relationship between level of education and income and concludes that "higher levels of education cause higher income." What error has been made?

Accepted Answer

A) None,the argument is sound. 
B) Income is only nominal in level of measurement and education is ordinal so they cannot be causally related. 
C) Since these variables are continuous and interval ratio,they cannot have a causal relationship. 
D) By itself,association does not prove causation. 
A) None,the argument is sound. 
B) Income is only nominal in level of measurement and education is ordinal so they cannot be causally related. 
C) Since these variables are continuous and interval ratio,they cannot have a causal relationship. 
D) By itself,association does not prove causation.

Question 11

A researcher tested the relationship between gender and support for assisted suicide ("death with dignity")and found a Cramer's V of 0.45.This relationship is

Accepted Answer

A) strong. 
B) weak. 
C) positive. 
D) significant but not important. 
A) strong. 
B) weak. 
C) positive. 
D) significant but not important.

Question 12

Is there an association between support for the legalization of marijuana and age? Calculate percentages,Cramer's V and lambda for the table below and write a sentence or two assessing the strength and pattern or direction of the relationship.
 $\begin{array}{|l|l|l|l|l|l|}
\hline&&\text { Age }\
\hline&& \text { Less than } 35 & 35-50 & 50 \text { and Odder } \
\hline \text { Support }&\text { InFavor } & 36 & 23 & 17 & 76 \
\hline& \text { Neutral } & 20 & 17 & 16 & 53 \
\hline &\text { Opposed } & 10 & 18 & 36 & 64 \
\hline && 66 & 58 & 69 & 193 \
\hline
\end{array}$

Accepted Answer

Percentage

Question 13

Measures of association

Accepted Answer

A) increase our understanding of causal relationships among variables. 
B) provide proof of causal relationships among variables. 
C) enhance our ability to predict from one variable to another. 
D) both increase our understanding of causal relationships among variables and enhance our ability to predict from one variable to another 
A) increase our understanding of causal relationships among variables. 
B) provide proof of causal relationships among variables. 
C) enhance our ability to predict from one variable to another. 
D) both increase our understanding of causal relationships among variables and enhance our ability to predict from one variable to another

Question 14

To display the effects of the X variable on the Y variable in a bivariate table when the independent variable has been arranged in the columns,compute percentages

Accepted Answer

A) within each column. 
B) between each column. 
C) within each row. 
D) using N as the denominator. 
A) within each column. 
B) between each column. 
C) within each row. 
D) using N as the denominator.

Question 15

As measures of association,phi and Cramer's V are especially useful when

Accepted Answer

A) an ANOVA test has already been conducted. 
B) percentages have not been calculated. 
C) cell frequencies are unknown. 
D) Chi square has already been calculateD. 
A) an ANOVA test has already been conducted. 
B) percentages have not been calculated. 
C) cell frequencies are unknown. 
D) Chi square has already been calculateD.

Question 16

"As education increases,income rises." This is an example of a

Accepted Answer

A) non-causal relationship 
B) positive relationship 
C) negative relationship 
D) neutral relationship 
A) non-causal relationship 
B) positive relationship 
C) negative relationship 
D) neutral relationship

Question 17

Lambda is a PRE measure that is used when variables are measured at the

Accepted Answer

A) nominal level. 
B) ordinal level. 
C) interval-ratio level. 
D) any of these 
A) nominal level. 
B) ordinal level. 
C) interval-ratio level. 
D) any of these

A problem with both Cramer's V and phi is that values between 0.00 and 1.00

The strength of an association between variables can be shown by computing phi,a measure that is

To prove that one variable causes another,we use

If there is a perfect association between sexual attraction and accelerated heartbeat,then

If you would like to compute a chi-square based measure of association for a 3x4 table,the appropriate measure would be

If variables are arranged in a bivariate table,we can see if they are associated by

While ignoring the independent variable,we make 78 errors when predicting the dependent variable.When taking the independent into account,we reduce the number of errors to 43.Therefore

A researcher tested the relationship between education and support for assisted suicide ("death with dignity")and found that support increased as education increased and that the maximum difference was 45.This relationship is

For variables measured at the ordinal and interval-ratio levels,measures of association will have a lower limit of and an upper limit of .

A researcher has found a strong relationship between level of education and income and concludes that "higher levels of education cause higher income." What error has been made?

A researcher tested the relationship between gender and support for assisted suicide ("death with dignity")and found a Cramer's V of 0.45.This relationship is

Measures of association

To display the effects of the X variable on the Y variable in a bivariate table when the independent variable has been arranged in the columns,compute percentages

As measures of association,phi and Cramer's V are especially useful when

"As education increases,income rises." This is an example of a

Lambda is a PRE measure that is used when variables are measured at the

Introduction

Basic Descriptive Statistics: Percentages Ratios and Rates Frequency Distributions

Charts and Graphs

Measures of Central Tendency

Measures of Dispersion

The Normal Curve

Introduction in Inferential Statistics, the Sampling Distribution, and Estimation

Hypothesis Testing I: the One-Sample Case

Hypothesis Testing II: the Two-Sample Case

Hypothesis Testing III: the Analysis of Variance

Hypothesis Testing Iv: Chi Square

Association Between Variables Measured at the Ordinal Level

Association Between Variables Measured at the Interval-Ratio Level

Partial Correlation and Multiple Regression and Correlation

Filters

Exam 12: Introduction to Bivariate Association and Measures of Association for Variables Measured at the Nominal Level

A problem with both Cramer's V and phi is that values between 0.00 and 1.00

The strength of an association between variables can be shown by computing phi,a measure that is

To prove that one variable causes another,we use

If there is a perfect association between sexual attraction and accelerated heartbeat,then

If you would like to compute a chi-square based measure of association for a 3x4 table,the appropriate measure would be

If variables are arranged in a bivariate table,we can see if they are associated by

While ignoring the independent variable,we make 78 errors when predicting the dependent variable.When taking the independent into account,we reduce the number of errors to 43.Therefore

A researcher tested the relationship between education and support for assisted suicide ("death with dignity")and found that support increased as education increased and that the maximum difference was 45.This relationship is

For variables measured at the ordinal and interval-ratio levels,measures of association will have a lower limit of ____ and an upper limit of ____.

A researcher has found a strong relationship between level of education and income and concludes that "higher levels of education cause higher income." What error has been made?

A researcher tested the relationship between gender and support for assisted suicide ("death with dignity")and found a Cramer's V of 0.45.This relationship is

Measures of association

To display the effects of the X variable on the Y variable in a bivariate table when the independent variable has been arranged in the columns,compute percentages

As measures of association,phi and Cramer's V are especially useful when

"As education increases,income rises." This is an example of a

Lambda is a PRE measure that is used when variables are measured at the

Introduction

Basic Descriptive Statistics: Percentages Ratios and Rates Frequency Distributions

Charts and Graphs

Measures of Central Tendency

Measures of Dispersion

The Normal Curve

Introduction in Inferential Statistics, the Sampling Distribution, and Estimation

Hypothesis Testing I: the One-Sample Case

Hypothesis Testing II: the Two-Sample Case

Hypothesis Testing III: the Analysis of Variance

Hypothesis Testing Iv: Chi Square

Association Between Variables Measured at the Ordinal Level

Association Between Variables Measured at the Interval-Ratio Level

Partial Correlation and Multiple Regression and Correlation

Filters

For variables measured at the ordinal and interval-ratio levels,measures of association will have a lower limit of and an upper limit of .