Exam 5: The Emerging Self and Socialization in the Early Years

Some research shows that cultural values and goals shape the kinds of discipline that parents use with their children.Which of the following statements is true in this regard?

For counselors who work with families that include children of different ages,which of the following statements is true?

The internalization of rules and standards of behavior is most closely associated with the

Which of the following emotions develops only after a child has a mental representation of him or herself as a separate person?

Counselors who do parent training primarily use which approach for this work?

Negative reinforcement is best described as

The term ____________ refers to the description of a person's attributes,whereas the term ____________ refers to how a person feels about those attributes.

Marie has a 2½-year-old daughter.The babysitter has been calling her daughter "naughty" and "a bad girl" when the child is uncooperative.The babysitter says that the little girl doesn't understand what she is saying so it doesn't matter.Marie is unsure about what to do.Based upon information presented in this chapter,what would you say to Marie?

Create a case study of a family with children who are showing behavior problems.Outline the steps you would take as a counselor to treat this family while paying particular attention to the developmental needs of the children.e.g.,sadness,shame,guilt)is unacceptable and should be avoided.The counselor could work with the father to help him see that his daughter may appear to be "good" and self-reliant,but there are costs associated her inability to regulate and express her true emotions.The counselor could help the father work towards ensuring his daughter evaluates her self-worth based on her own appraisals and does not overly rely on the appraisals of others.The counselor can work with the entire family to discuss the issue of compulsive caregiving.The 12 year-old daughter may be at risk to engage in compulsive caregiving in which she begins to emotionally take care of the father.The counselor should encourage the father to use an authoritative parenting style and not encourage his daughter to be overly self-reliant or believe she must always show positive emotions.

Discuss the relationship between child temperament and parent disciplinary style.,

Juan is a fearless 4-year-old and one of the most active children in his day care center.He eagerly climbs the playground equipment and seems to have little fear of getting hurt.Juan often wanders away from his mother in stores,preferring to explore the interesting sights rather than wait patiently by her side.Juan's mother is exasperated with his behavior and fears for his safety.Based upon the research cited in this chapter,what advice could you give her?

Surya wants 8-year-old Leila to start her homework.Leila doesn't want to turn off the TV.Surya raises her voice and threatens to take away Leila's TV privileges for a week if she doesn't comply.Surya enters the room and commands Leila to obey.Leila begins to wail,saying that the homework is too hard and that she never understands it anyway.At this point the phone rings.Surya gets absorbed in the call.Thirty minutes later,Leila is still watching TV and another battle ensues.Surya,exhausted from the struggle,take her to bed.Which of the following best illustrates the negative reinforcement cycle that is operating in this example?

Annette is a warm and affectionate mother to her sons,Jason and Keith.When she comes home from her job,she likes to spend time playing with them,preparing their favorite foods,and watching TV with them.She describes herself as a "soft touch" when it comes to her children.Lately she has been hearing complaints about 6-year-old Jason's behavior in school.Annette thinks the teacher is being too hard on her son.She does not want anything to affect the good relationship she has with her children.Which style best describes Annette's parenting?

Discuss the pros and cons of corporal punishment as a disciplinary method.Why might its effectiveness differ for different cultural groups? What questions remain to be answered about the relationship between culture and disciplinary style? ,

Sasha,a 3-year-old girl,was having difficulty settling down at bedtime.She ran around her house,trying to make her parents catch her before getting into bed.Sasha's behavior awakened her baby sister,asleep in the next room.John,Sasha's father,felt pushed to his limit and he screamed at Sasha to stop and threatened her with a spanking.How would you explain Sasha's compliance?

According to Crittendon's model,infants encode early experiences of care-giving in the form of

Describe the way social referencing might explain the acquisition of certain fears in children.Page 173)