Question 1

The benefit of a cognitive interview is that:

Accepted Answer

A)  memories become fragmented and well-defined. 
B)  the eyewitness enters a highly suggestive state. 
C)  the eyewitness becomes more receptive to questions. 
D)  it mentally reinstates the context surrounding the crime. 
A)  memories become fragmented and well-defined. 
B)  the eyewitness enters a highly suggestive state. 
C)  the eyewitness becomes more receptive to questions. 
D)  it mentally reinstates the context surrounding the crime.

Question 2

In addition to issues with memory in general, other things can introduce biases. Studies show that interference can take place during the process of identification of a suspect: Witnesses may feel more certain about their memory of an event or perpetrator as a result of _____ and _____.

Accepted Answer

A)  stress; concern 
B)  biased questioning; stress 
C)  lineup procedures; confusion 
D)  biased questioning; lineup procedures 
A)  stress; concern 
B)  biased questioning; stress 
C)  lineup procedures; confusion 
D)  biased questioning; lineup procedures

Question 3

Eyewitness testimony is very important in the court trials. It has been a subject of multiple research studies. Psychological studies find that eyewitness testimony is:

Accepted Answer

A)  more reliable than most people think. 
B)  more fallible that one would suppose. 
C)  only reliable if preceded by expert testimony. 
D)  more reliable in court than in police settings. 
A)  more reliable than most people think. 
B)  more fallible that one would suppose. 
C)  only reliable if preceded by expert testimony. 
D)  more reliable in court than in police settings.

Question 4

According to the text, what we generally see and remember is impacted by what we expect to see. This tendency to maintain widely held beliefs about a sequence of expected behaviors is referred to as:

Accepted Answer

A)  retrieval inhibition. 
B)  scripts. 
C)  meta-analysis. 
D)  unconscious transference. 
A)  retrieval inhibition. 
B)  scripts. 
C)  meta-analysis. 
D)  unconscious transference.

Question 5

Retrieval inhibition occurs when an individual:

Accepted Answer

A)  selectively recalls some aspects of a situation while the recall of other aspects is suppressed. 
B)  retrieves some aspects of a crime scene, while consciously ignoring other aspects. 
C)  selectively recalls some of the aspects of a situation but cannot express them in words. 
D)  generally inhibits about half of all retrieved memories. 
A)  selectively recalls some aspects of a situation while the recall of other aspects is suppressed. 
B)  retrieves some aspects of a crime scene, while consciously ignoring other aspects. 
C)  selectively recalls some of the aspects of a situation but cannot express them in words. 
D)  generally inhibits about half of all retrieved memories.

Question 6

According to the text, the cross-race effect is present in babies as young as:

Accepted Answer

A)  6 months. 
B)  9 months. 
C)  12 months. 
D)  18 months. 
A)  6 months. 
B)  9 months. 
C)  12 months. 
D)  18 months.

Question 7

As described in the text, techniques for refreshing witness memories include:

Accepted Answer

A)  hypnosis and cognitive interview. 
B)  hypnosis and hypnotic hypernesia. 
C)  lineups and photo spreads. 
D)  lineups and meta-analysis. 
A)  hypnosis and cognitive interview. 
B)  hypnosis and hypnotic hypernesia. 
C)  lineups and photo spreads. 
D)  lineups and meta-analysis.

Question 8

Eyewitnesses depend on _____ to identify or describe a suspect.

Accepted Answer

A)  scientists 
B)  police assistance 
C)  memory 
D)  evidence 
A)  scientists 
B)  police assistance 
C)  memory 
D)  evidence

Question 9

Bias-reducing instructions are used to assist eyewitnesses to be accurate in their identification of a suspect. An example of such instructions, as noted in the text, is telling the eyewitness that:

Accepted Answer

A)  "the true criminal might not be in the lineup or photo spread." 
B)  "the true criminal is probably in the lineup or photo spread." 
C)  "the entire case rests on the selection of someone in the lineup or photo spread." 
D)  "the detective has a strong feeling that one of the suspects is in the lineup or photo spread." 
A)  "the true criminal might not be in the lineup or photo spread." 
B)  "the true criminal is probably in the lineup or photo spread." 
C)  "the entire case rests on the selection of someone in the lineup or photo spread." 
D)  "the detective has a strong feeling that one of the suspects is in the lineup or photo spread."

Question 10

The term _____ is part of memory processing. It entails gathering information and putting it into a form that can be retrieved later on.

Accepted Answer

A)  storage 
B)  retrieval 
C)  encoding 
D)  heuristics 
A)  storage 
B)  retrieval 
C)  encoding 
D)  heuristics

Question 11

When presented with a lineup, Alexis was able to identify the perpetrator of a robbery she had witnessed. She was not sure of her identification at first, but when the investigator mentioned that another witness had also chosen the same suspect, her confidence that she remembered the perpetrator well grew close to 100%. This is an illustration of:

Accepted Answer

A)  scripts. 
B)  unconscious transference. 
C)  post-identification feedback effect. 
D)  bias-reducing instructions. 
A)  scripts. 
B)  unconscious transference. 
C)  post-identification feedback effect. 
D)  bias-reducing instructions.

Question 12

Wrongful convictions have been shown to result from faulty eyewitness testimony _____ from any other type of evidence.

Accepted Answer

A)  less frequently than 
B)  as often as 
C)  more often than 
D)  None of the above is correct. 
A)  less frequently than 
B)  as often as 
C)  more often than 
D)  None of the above is correct.

Question 13

When doing research, social scientists often look at many factors. Factors that are outside the control of the legal system are referred to as:

Accepted Answer

A)  system variables. 
B)  dependent variables. 
C)  independent variables. 
D)  estimator variables. 
A)  system variables. 
B)  dependent variables. 
C)  independent variables. 
D)  estimator variables.

Question 14

Even though the Supreme Court _____ the Manson framework, several states continue to _____ criteria established in Manson.

Accepted Answer

A)  tried to amend; apply the scientifically proven 
B)  refused to amend; to reconsider the outdated 
C)  amended; refuse to apply the 
D)  amended; apply the outdated 
A)  tried to amend; apply the scientifically proven 
B)  refused to amend; to reconsider the outdated 
C)  amended; refuse to apply the 
D)  amended; apply the outdated

Exam 7: Section 2: Eyewitness Identification and Testimony

The benefit of a cognitive interview is that:

In addition to issues with memory in general, other things can introduce biases. Studies show that interference can take place during the process of identification of a suspect: Witnesses may feel more certain about their memory of an event or perpetrator as a result of _____ and _____.

Eyewitness testimony is very important in the court trials. It has been a subject of multiple research studies. Psychological studies find that eyewitness testimony is:

According to the text, what we generally see and remember is impacted by what we expect to see. This tendency to maintain widely held beliefs about a sequence of expected behaviors is referred to as:

Retrieval inhibition occurs when an individual:

According to the text, the cross-race effect is present in babies as young as:

As described in the text, techniques for refreshing witness memories include:

Eyewitnesses depend on _____ to identify or describe a suspect.

Bias-reducing instructions are used to assist eyewitnesses to be accurate in their identification of a suspect. An example of such instructions, as noted in the text, is telling the eyewitness that:

The term _____ is part of memory processing. It entails gathering information and putting it into a form that can be retrieved later on.

Wrongful convictions have been shown to result from faulty eyewitness testimony _____ from any other type of evidence.

When doing research, social scientists often look at many factors. Factors that are outside the control of the legal system are referred to as:

Even though the Supreme Court _____ the Manson framework, several states continue to _____ criteria established in Manson.

Section 1: Psychology and Law: a Cautious Alliance

Section 2: Psychology and Law: a Cautious Alliance

Section 3: Psychology and Law: a Cautious Alliance

Section 1: Interrogations and Confessions

Section 2: Interrogations and Confessions

Section 3: Interrogations and Confessions

Section 1: Lie Detection

Section 2: Lie Detection

Section 3: Lie Detection

Section 1: The Psychology of Forensic Identification: Dna, Fingerprints, and Physical Trace Evidence

Section 2: The Psychology of Forensic Identification: Dna, Fingerprints, and Physical Trace Evidence

Section 3: The Psychology of Forensic Identification: Dna, Fingerprints, and Physical Trace Evidence

Section 1: Criminal Profiling and Psychological Autopsies

Section 2: Criminal Profiling and Psychological Autopsies

Section 3: Criminal Profiling and Psychological Autopsies

Section 1: Child Sexual Abuse: Interviewing Children and the Recovered Memories of Adults

Section 2: Child Sexual Abuse: Interviewing Children and the Recovered Memories of Adults

Section 3: Child Sexual Abuse: Interviewing Children and the Recovered Memories of Adults

Section 1: Eyewitness Identification and Testimony

Section 3: Eyewitness Identification and Testimony

Section 1: Competency to Stand Trial

Section 2: Competency to Stand Trial

Section 3: Competency to Stand Trial

Section 1: Jury Selection and Trial Procedure

Section 2: Jury Selection and Trial Procedure

Section 3: Jury Selection and Trial Procedure

Section 1: The Insanity Defense

Section 2: The Insanity Defense

Section 3: The Insanity Defense

Section 1: Battered Woman Syndrome, Rape Trauma Syndrome, and Posttraumatic Stress Disorder

Section 2: Battered Woman Syndrome, Rape Trauma Syndrome, and Posttraumatic Stress Disorder

Section 3: Battered Woman Syndrome, Rape Trauma Syndrome, and Posttraumatic Stress Disorder

Section 1: Juries and Judges As Decision Makers

Section 2: Juries and Judges As Decision Makers

Section 3 Juries and Judges As Decision Makers

Section 1: Child Custody Disputes

Section 2: Child Custody Disputes

Section 3: Child Custody Disputes

Section 1: Workplace Law: Harassment, Discrimination, and Fairness

Section 2: Workplace Law: Harassment, Discrimination, and Fairness

Section 3: Workplace Law: Harassment, Discrimination, and Fairness

Section 1: Predicting Violent Behavior: the Psychology of Risk Assessment

Section 2: Predicting Violent Behavior: the Psychology of Risk Assessment

Section 3: Predicting Violent Behavior: the Psychology of Risk Assessment

Section 1: Corrections: Sentencing, Imprisonment, and Alternatives

Section 2: Corrections: Sentencing, Imprisonment, and Alternatives

Section 3: Corrections: Sentencing, Imprisonment, and Alternatives

Section 1: The Death Penalty

Section 2: The Death Penalty

Section 3: The Death Penalty

Filters

In addition to issues with memory in general, other things can introduce biases. Studies show that interference can take place during the process of identification of a suspect: Witnesses may feel more certain about their memory of an event or perpetrator as a result of _ and _.

Even though the Supreme Court _ the Manson framework, several states continue to _ criteria established in Manson.