Exam 16: Section 2: Corrections: Sentencing, Imprisonment, and Alternatives

Three-strikes laws mean that:

After the American Revolution, a movement to change how criminals were punished began in an attempt to move away from laws that had been established in England. Instead of beating and killing, the new country decided to rely on:

Whether a prisoner receives treatment for a mental disorder is at the discretion of:

Three-strikes laws have been criticized for all of the following EXCEPT:

The criminal justice system uses two primary methods to hold people. One such placement is _____, where people are held short-term.

Sentencing guidelines are put in place to assist judges in making consistent sentencing decisions. Examples of factors that affect sentencing according to the guidelines noted in the text include _____ and _____.

The _____ theory implies that the repulsive nature of prisons will increase individuals' desire to maintain a law-abiding lifestyle.

The prison population is also highly racially disproportionate to the general population. Black males have a _____ chance of serving at least 1 year in prison or jail during their lifetime, whereas the same chance for White males is _____.

The requirement that criminals receive an extended or life sentence when convicted of a third felony is commonly called the:

Since the 1980s, the United States has incarcerated people at a rate approximately _____ times higher than that of other industrialized societies.

One reason that recent immigrants held in prisons did not have much sympathy from the general population was the common belief that they were _____ and _____ inferior.

Several U.S. states have very high incarceration rates. Which one is not among them?

Studies show that prisons may have a _____ effect. When comparable groups of offenders are tracked, those sentenced to prison are _____ to recidivate than those sentenced to probation.

Sentencing decisions are based on the crime and also take into consideration the attributions of the criminal. One question that is sometimes asked during sentencing hearings is whether the personality of the criminal has an influence on his or her behavior. According to the text, what is being assessed is referred to as:

Janine was convicted of a felony, as was Troy. Both defendants were convicted of the same crime and under similar situations. Because she is a female, Janine is likely to receive _____ Troy.

Some studies have found that judges were susceptible to different sentencing based on the convicted person's _____ and _____.

The assimilation of new inmates into the values system, norms, and language of prison is referred to as:

One of the main problems with the new prisons in the United States was that in addition to being expensive and impractical, the extreme isolation often caused prisoners to become:

Early in the history of America, crimes ran the gamut in terms of transgressions. In addition to assault, rape, and murder, to name a few, certain moral transgressions could be punishable by law. The criminalized moral transgressions included all of the following EXCEPT:

Prisons were formed to change criminals into productive members of society. However, this perspective is at odds with the other goals of imprisonment, such as retribution and incapacitation. According to the text, failure to improve criminals' socially acceptable skills, as well as the generally unpleasant nature of prisons, often leaves criminals: