Exam 7: A: Learning and Bahaviour Analysis

Instinctual drift and taste-aversion learning are two interesting findings from research with animals that have led psychologists to question whether the principles of conditioning apply to any stimulus a researcher might select.Define and compare these two phenomena.Describe how each was discovered,and explain why they are important theoretically.

Operant conditioning is a type of learning in which the probability of a response is changed by a change in its consequences.

Why do researchers study an organism's performance if they are really interested in whether or not the organism has learned?

A young man does not enjoy the feeling of being drunk,so when he drinks alcohol he attempts to drink in moderation.Based on the research findings of Shepard Siegel,what else should this individual do?

Researchers who study __________ trace the development of cognitive abilities across species and the continuity of abilities from nonhuman to human animals.

What did Pavlov believe to be fundamental to the success of classical conditioning?

Conditioning is usually most effective in which type of paradigm?

Which schedule of reinforcement generates the highest rate of responding and the greatest resistance to extinction?

Imagine that you have decided to use shaping to teach a rat to press a lever.For shaping to be effective,you should be sure to withhold any reinforcement until the rat completely depresses the lever.

Discuss Bandura's Bobo Doll experiments and what they teach us about stopping a child's unwanted behaviour by use of physical punishment.Mention modeling and the processes that most influence modeling.

When using intermittent schedules of reinforcement,reinforcers can be delivered after a certain number of responses,through __________ ,or after a specified period of time,through __________ .

In a study by Lazareva and colleagues that is described in the textbook,pigeons were presented with photographs of people,flowers,cars,and chairs,and were taught to respond by pecking keys of different colours.What did this research demonstrate?

In a study quoted in the text,what did the women who attended the clinic for breast cancer treatment report?

Which statement about Edward Tolman's conditioning experiments is accurate?

According to Thorndike's law of effect,which two variables are related?

B.F.Skinner is best known for his pioneering research on cats trying to escape from puzzle boxes.

Behaviours influenced by instinctual drift will override the changes in behaviour brought about by operant conditioning.

The difference between what has been learned and what is expressed in overt behaviour is known as the __________ distinction.

When you watch late-night TV,you might find yourself salivating when a fast-food commercial appears,but you are unlikely to salivate in response to a dog food commercial.This is the result of __________,a conditioning process in which an organism learns to respond differently to stimuli that differ from the conditioned stimulus.

Punishment has essentially the same effect on behaviour as negative reinforcement.