Question 1

What is observer bias? Provide an example of observer bias,either from the text or make up a scenario.What can researchers do to minimize observer bias?

Accepted Answer

Observer bias is an error due to the mot

Question 2

In the context of conducting psychological research,what is the purpose of control procedures?

Accepted Answer

A) To increase the likelihood that the experimenter's hypothesis will be supported. 
B) To hold constant variables and conditions other than those related to the hypothesis. 
C) To encourage participants to respond in a manner consistent with their own expectations. 
D) To ensure that participants are affected equally by both independent and dependent variables. 
A) To increase the likelihood that the experimenter's hypothesis will be supported. 
B) To hold constant variables and conditions other than those related to the hypothesis. 
C) To encourage participants to respond in a manner consistent with their own expectations. 
D) To ensure that participants are affected equally by both independent and dependent variables.

Question 3

If a test has been shown to be valid,what conclusions can likely be drawn?

Accepted Answer

A) It is also reliable. 
B) It may or may not be reliable. 
C) It may be used for many purposes. 
D) It can be used with any population. 
A) It is also reliable. 
B) It may or may not be reliable. 
C) It may be used for many purposes. 
D) It can be used with any population.

Question 4

A researcher assigns the first fifty people who sign up to participate in a study to the experimental condition and the next fifty to the control condition.Why would the interpretations drawn from the study be severely limited?

Accepted Answer

A) A within-subjects design should have been implemented. 
B) Random assignment to conditions was not implemented. 
C) A greater number of participants should have been selected. 
D) Another control condition should have been included. 
A) A within-subjects design should have been implemented. 
B) Random assignment to conditions was not implemented. 
C) A greater number of participants should have been selected. 
D) Another control condition should have been included.

Question 5

One of the primary ways to study behaviour is through observation.Discuss the use of observation in research.In what ways can naturalistic observation be preferred to laboratory observation when studying behaviour?

Accepted Answer

One of the primary ways to study what pe

Question 6

A psychologist is doing research for a pharmaceutical company.The drugs that are being tested are numbered so that the psychologist does not know what they are,nor does the psychologist know which participants are receiving which drugs.Participants are also unaware of differences in treatments.Which phenomenon is being described?

Accepted Answer

A) within-subjects design. 
B) correlational method. 
C) double-blind control. 
D) random assignment. 
A) within-subjects design. 
B) correlational method. 
C) double-blind control. 
D) random assignment.

Question 7

In the debate over the use of animals in research,what do ethicists typically believe?

Accepted Answer

A) That we should change our belief that makes a distinction between homo sapiens and other animals. 
B) That researchers should "liberate" primates from captivity and continue to carry out research with non-primates. 
C) That we need to shift from laboratory-based invasive research to research conducted in naturalistic settings. 
D) That science should seek to develop computer models of animal behaviour in order to minimize the use of animals in research. 
A) That we should change our belief that makes a distinction between homo sapiens and other animals. 
B) That researchers should "liberate" primates from captivity and continue to carry out research with non-primates. 
C) That we need to shift from laboratory-based invasive research to research conducted in naturalistic settings. 
D) That science should seek to develop computer models of animal behaviour in order to minimize the use of animals in research.

Question 8

Critical thinking skills are a good thing to read about,but they are not essential to the effective study and application of psychology.

Accepted Answer

A) True 
 B)False

Question 9

Prior to a study,participants are given information about what to expect and other details of the research.They are also asked to sign a form indicating their willingness to participate.Which term best describes this process?

Accepted Answer

A) debriefing. 
B) informed consent. 
C) risk/gain assessment. 
D) risk/benefit analysis. 
A) debriefing. 
B) informed consent. 
C) risk/gain assessment. 
D) risk/benefit analysis.

Question 10

A friend of yours attributes the high grades she receives on tests to the fact that she always drinks coffee while studying.You start thinking about how psychologists might design a study that would determine whether the caffeine in coffee can contribute to better academic performance.Describe an appropriate design for such a study,making sure to explain how you would operationalize your variables,the measurements you would use,and how you would control for possible alternative explanations of your results.

Accepted Answer

State what independent variable and depe

Question 11

A researcher is designing a study that includes a procedure that may be upsetting or psychologically disturbing to the participants.What special actions do the guidelines for ethical standards of the Canadian Psychological Association require the researcher to follow?

Accepted Answer

A) The researcher must have a personal liability statement from an insurance company. 
B) Although not required,the researcher should consult with an institutional review board prior to beginning the research. 
C) The researcher must minimize risks,inform participants of potential risks,and be prepared to deal with participant reactions. 
D) The researcher must have available,on-call in the laboratory,a medical doctor and a psychiatrist to deal with potential problems. 
A) The researcher must have a personal liability statement from an insurance company. 
B) Although not required,the researcher should consult with an institutional review board prior to beginning the research. 
C) The researcher must minimize risks,inform participants of potential risks,and be prepared to deal with participant reactions. 
D) The researcher must have available,on-call in the laboratory,a medical doctor and a psychiatrist to deal with potential problems.

Question 12

Which of the following terms is closest to the concept of psychological measurement?

Accepted Answer

A) control 
B) validation 
C) qualification 
D) quantification 
A) control 
B) validation 
C) qualification 
D) quantification

Question 13

In carrying out psychological research,what is the basic concept underlying the use of standardization?

Accepted Answer

A) all research participants are treated uniformly. 
B) research participant are randomly selected. 
C) operational definitions are general in nature. 
D) each research procedure includes both an independent variable and a dependent variable. 
A) all research participants are treated uniformly. 
B) research participant are randomly selected. 
C) operational definitions are general in nature. 
D) each research procedure includes both an independent variable and a dependent variable.

Question 14

In what ways are theories and hypotheses interrelated?

Accepted Answer

A) Hypotheses are more important than theories. 
B) Theories are more important than hypotheses. 
C) When a hypothesis derived from a theory is not validated,the theory must be modified. 
D) Theories are not of fundamental importance in generating new hypotheses,except when a theory has been proven. 
A) Hypotheses are more important than theories. 
B) Theories are more important than hypotheses. 
C) When a hypothesis derived from a theory is not validated,the theory must be modified. 
D) Theories are not of fundamental importance in generating new hypotheses,except when a theory has been proven.

Question 15

"If an athlete imagines having a good performance,then that athlete is more likely to be successful in an event." What is being described by this statement?

Accepted Answer

A) a theory. 
B) determinism. 
C) a hypothesis. 
D) a non-causal relationship. 
A) a theory. 
B) determinism. 
C) a hypothesis. 
D) a non-causal relationship.

Question 16

What is observer bias?

Accepted Answer

A) an "educated guess" about what will happen. 
B) the direct result of the context of discovery. 
C) the direct result of the context of justification. 
D) an error due to personal motives and expectations. 
A) an "educated guess" about what will happen. 
B) the direct result of the context of discovery. 
C) the direct result of the context of justification. 
D) an error due to personal motives and expectations.

Question 17

The effect refers to a change in behaviour in the absence of an experimental manipulation,due to an individual's belief that the treatment will have an effect.

Accepted Answer

The answer of The effect refers to a change in...

Question 18

Which scenario indicates that a research study has been confounded?

Accepted Answer

A) If the experimenter's interpretation of the data has not been supported. 
B) If participants do not respond in the way the experimenter has expected. 
C) If a participant's behaviour has resulted solely because of the independent variable. 
D) If a variable other than the independent variable has influenced a participant's behaviour. 
A) If the experimenter's interpretation of the data has not been supported. 
B) If participants do not respond in the way the experimenter has expected. 
C) If a participant's behaviour has resulted solely because of the independent variable. 
D) If a variable other than the independent variable has influenced a participant's behaviour.

Question 19

What type of statistics should be used to summarize sets of scores?

Accepted Answer

A) Inferential statistics 
B) Variability 
C) Descriptive statistics 
D) Significant statistics 
A) Inferential statistics 
B) Variability 
C) Descriptive statistics 
D) Significant statistics

Exam 2: A: Research Methods in Psychology

What is observer bias? Provide an example of observer bias,either from the text or make up a scenario.What can researchers do to minimize observer bias?

In the context of conducting psychological research,what is the purpose of control procedures?

If a test has been shown to be valid,what conclusions can likely be drawn?

A researcher assigns the first fifty people who sign up to participate in a study to the experimental condition and the next fifty to the control condition.Why would the interpretations drawn from the study be severely limited?

One of the primary ways to study behaviour is through observation.Discuss the use of observation in research.In what ways can naturalistic observation be preferred to laboratory observation when studying behaviour?

In the debate over the use of animals in research,what do ethicists typically believe?

Critical thinking skills are a good thing to read about,but they are not essential to the effective study and application of psychology.

Prior to a study,participants are given information about what to expect and other details of the research.They are also asked to sign a form indicating their willingness to participate.Which term best describes this process?

A researcher is designing a study that includes a procedure that may be upsetting or psychologically disturbing to the participants.What special actions do the guidelines for ethical standards of the Canadian Psychological Association require the researcher to follow?

Which of the following terms is closest to the concept of psychological measurement?

In carrying out psychological research,what is the basic concept underlying the use of standardization?

In what ways are theories and hypotheses interrelated?

"If an athlete imagines having a good performance,then that athlete is more likely to be successful in an event." What is being described by this statement?

What is observer bias?

The effect refers to a change in behaviour in the absence of an experimental manipulation,due to an individual's belief that the treatment will have an effect.

Which scenario indicates that a research study has been confounded?

What type of statistics should be used to summarize sets of scores?

Psychology and Life

A: Psychology and Life

Research Methods in Psychology

The Biological Bases of Behaviour

A: Evolutionary Psychology

Sensation and Perception

A: the Biological Bases of Behaviour

Mind,consciousness,and Alternate States

A: Sensation and Perception

Learning and Bahaviour Analysis

A: Mind,consciousness,and Alternate States

Memory

A: Learning and Bahaviour Analysis

Cognitive Processes

A: Memory

Intelligence and Intelligence Assessment

A: Cognitive Processes

Human Development Across the Life Span

A: Intelligence and Intelligence Assessment

Motivation

A: Human Development Across the Life Span

Emotion,stress,and Health

A: Emotion,stress,and Health

Understanding Human Personality

A: Understanding Human Personality

Psychological Disorders

A: Psychological Disorders

Social Psychology

A: Social Psychology

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