Exam 7: Memory

A key principle in many therapies that treat phobias and fears is that the phobia or fear is learned and can therefore be

Sometimes behaviour can't be controlled by conditioning alone because instinctive behaviours get in the way. For example, researchers have taught raccoons to put coins in a piggybank, but eventually the raccoons don't want to give up the coins after they get them. This biological constraint on learning is called

Kalliyan has taken the same route home from work for years, but today the road is closed due to an accident. Kalliyan has an important work presentation that she can't miss, so she takes a back road that she knows is there but has never used. She is displaying

Irinia's dog loves to go for walks, and she always puts a leash on him when they go out. At first, the dog wagged his tail only when they got outside; eventually, he began to wag his tail when she picked up the leash. Irinia recently locked herself out of her place, so she has begun picking up her keys and putting them in her pocket before she takes down the leash. Now the dog begins to wag his tail when she picks up her keys. What kind of learning has happened?

After Meg eats hamburger for the first time, she gets sick and vomits. The next time someone asks Meg if she wants a hamburger, she feels so nauseated she actually vomits. Meg has a

When they go grocery shopping, Sonia's mother is often busy and doesn't pay very much attention to her. When Sonia throws a tantrum in the store, her mother pays attention and scolds her. Though she doesn't like being scolded, Sonia prefers getting some attention to having no attention at all. Sonia learns that when she wants her mother's attention, she should scream or cry. What is the reinforcer in this situation?

Janice is trying to teach her dog to heel, so she buys a choke collar. Every time the dog strains on the leash, the collar restricts around his neck. When the dog drops back to walk beside her, the collar loosens up. In theory, this should cause the dog to learn to walk beside Janice. What type of consequence is this?

Gavin recently went deep-sea fishing with some friends. Unfortunately, he was extremely seasick the entire time he was on the boat, and now when he sees boats he feels queasy. This is an example of

Bryn adopted her cat, Minnie, from the local shelter. She feeds Minnie dry food, but the previous owner fed her only canned food. Every time Bryn opens her refrigerator, her new cat comes running. Bryn never gives Minnie food after she opens the refrigerator, however, so eventually the cat stops showing up. Once in a while, though, Minnie will come running when Bryn opens the refrigerator, as if food is forthcoming. This reappearance of Minnie's old behaviour is called

Bryn adopted her cat, Minnie, from the local shelter. She feeds Minnie dry food, but the previous owner fed her only canned food. Every time Bryn opens her refrigerator, her new cat comes running. Bryn never gives Minnie food after she opens the refrigerator, however, so eventually the cat stops showing up. The cat's learned response to the sound of the refrigerator being opened has been

Irinia's dog loves to go for walks, and she always puts a leash on him when they go out. The dog used to wag his tail as soon as they got outside, but now he wags his tail when Irinia picks up the leash. In this case, what is the conditioned stimulus?

Hitesh's friends asked him to meet them for dinner, but he has never been to the restaurant they name. He asks where the restaurant is located and is told that it sits at the corner of University Avenue and Main Street. Though he has never been to the corner of Main and State, he knows where both roads are and is able to figure out where the restaurant is. He is using

Angela's dog, Molly, got sprayed by a skunk. She spent the weekend cleaning the house and Molly. At work on Monday, one of his colleagues mentions that he might want to take a shower, because everyone can smell her when he walks into a room. She is confused, because he cannot smell the skunk. What has happened?

Grounding a child or taking away her TV privileges (a pleasant experience) because she has misbehaved is an example of