Question 1

Which of the following students provides the best information about short-term memory in the Atkinson-Shiffrin model?

Accepted Answer

A) Albena: "Items in your short-term memory are often lost within 30 seconds." 
B) Martin: "The information in short-term memory is automatically transferred to long-term memory." 
C) Candace: "Short-term memory serves as a large storage area for all sensory memories." 
D) Peter: "Short-term memory emphasizes only the visual characteristics of the stimulus." 
A) Albena: "Items in your short-term memory are often lost within 30 seconds." 
B) Martin: "The information in short-term memory is automatically transferred to long-term memory." 
C) Candace: "Short-term memory serves as a large storage area for all sensory memories." 
D) Peter: "Short-term memory emphasizes only the visual characteristics of the stimulus."

Question 2

You are trying to retain-in your working memory-a mental picture of a stranger's face.According to Baddeley,you are using your

Accepted Answer

A) visuospatial sketchpad. 
B) episodic buffer. 
C) phonological loop. 
D) central executive. 
A) visuospatial sketchpad. 
B) episodic buffer. 
C) phonological loop. 
D) central executive.

Question 3

In a study on working memory,one group of participants repeated a sound,thereby blocking acoustic coding for other material.This research showed that

Accepted Answer

A) working memory disappeared completely. 
B) when acoustic coding was blocked,people often used visual coding. 
C) acoustic coding was even more likely in long-term memory than in working memory. 
D) semantic coding was the dominant mode in working memory,whereas acoustic coding was more likely in long-term memory. 
A) working memory disappeared completely. 
B) when acoustic coding was blocked,people often used visual coding. 
C) acoustic coding was even more likely in long-term memory than in working memory. 
D) semantic coding was the dominant mode in working memory,whereas acoustic coding was more likely in long-term memory.

Question 4

Baddeley's model of working memory now includes a feature called the "episodic buffer." According to Baddeley,this feature

Accepted Answer

A) is an important component of the central executive. 
B) keeps a permanent record of the associations between the visuospatial sketchpad and the phonological loop. 
C) allows you to make connections among the visuospatial sketchpad,the phonological loop,and information from long-term memory. 
D) preserves emotional characteristics that are connected with earlier events. 
A) is an important component of the central executive. 
B) keeps a permanent record of the associations between the visuospatial sketchpad and the phonological loop. 
C) allows you to make connections among the visuospatial sketchpad,the phonological loop,and information from long-term memory. 
D) preserves emotional characteristics that are connected with earlier events.

Question 5

Neuroscientists who have examined the visuospatial sketchpad have discovered that

Accepted Answer

A) visual tasks typically activate the right hemisphere,whereas spatial tasks typically activate the left hemisphere. 
B) visual and spatial tasks typically activate the right hemisphere of the brain. 
C) visual and spatial tasks are apparently converted into a verbal code,because they primarily activate the left hemisphere of the brain. 
D) there is no clear correspondence between visuospatial tasks and the patterns of brain activation. 
A) visual tasks typically activate the right hemisphere,whereas spatial tasks typically activate the left hemisphere. 
B) visual and spatial tasks typically activate the right hemisphere of the brain. 
C) visual and spatial tasks are apparently converted into a verbal code,because they primarily activate the left hemisphere of the brain. 
D) there is no clear correspondence between visuospatial tasks and the patterns of brain activation.

Question 6

Baddeley's model of working memory had a different focus from the earlier approaches to short-term memory because

Accepted Answer

A) he emphasized that working memory is useful in holding related items in our memory simultaneously. 
B) he devised a precise operational definition for every component of working memory. 
C) he examined a much more limited set of processes,compared to earlier models. 
D) he focused much more on the visual characteristics of stimuli than on the auditory characteristics of the stimuli. 
A) he emphasized that working memory is useful in holding related items in our memory simultaneously. 
B) he devised a precise operational definition for every component of working memory. 
C) he examined a much more limited set of processes,compared to earlier models. 
D) he focused much more on the visual characteristics of stimuli than on the auditory characteristics of the stimuli.

Question 7

Your textbook discusses research about the relationship between depression and performance on tasks involving the phonological loop.This research showed that

Accepted Answer

A) people with depression performed significantly worse than people without depression. 
B) people with depression actually performed significantly better than people with depression. 
C) there was no difference in the performance of the two groups,once the researchers corrected for the fact that the depressed group had lower vocabulary skills. 
D) people with depression tended to transform the stimuli into visual patterns that activated the visuospatial sketchpad 
A) people with depression performed significantly worse than people without depression. 
B) people with depression actually performed significantly better than people with depression. 
C) there was no difference in the performance of the two groups,once the researchers corrected for the fact that the depressed group had lower vocabulary skills. 
D) people with depression tended to transform the stimuli into visual patterns that activated the visuospatial sketchpad

Question 8

In the Atkinson-Shiffrin model of short-term memory,the concept called "control processes"

Accepted Answer

A) emphasizes iconic memory. 
B) emphasizes information that is presented too quickly to be remembered. 
C) is a strategy that helps you remember items more accurately. 
D) is a strategy that involves vision,instead of hearing. 
A) emphasizes iconic memory. 
B) emphasizes information that is presented too quickly to be remembered. 
C) is a strategy that helps you remember items more accurately. 
D) is a strategy that involves vision,instead of hearing.

Question 9

How would you characterize Alan Baddeley's description of working memory?

Accepted Answer

A) It is a large storehouse of information,much like a huge university library. 
B) It is a solid,stable,industrious machine that systematically processes information. 
C) It is a highly active area in which information is being manipulated and changed. 
D) It is a movie screen,continuously registering a stream of complex,colorful images. 
A) It is a large storehouse of information,much like a huge university library. 
B) It is a solid,stable,industrious machine that systematically processes information. 
C) It is a highly active area in which information is being manipulated and changed. 
D) It is a movie screen,continuously registering a stream of complex,colorful images.

Question 10

Imagine that you have volunteered to participate in some psychology research.The researcher tells you to look at several words briefly and then count backwards for about half a minute before recalling those words.The researcher is probably measuring

Accepted Answer

A) sensory memory. 
B) long-term memory. 
C) short-term memory. 
D) semantic memory. 
A) sensory memory. 
B) long-term memory. 
C) short-term memory. 
D) semantic memory.

Question 11

Chapter 4 discussed a classic study by Wickens and his colleagues (1976)in which each of five groups of participants learned a series of words belonging to one category (e.g.,"occupations" or "meats").On the final trial,they all switched to words belonging to a new category ("fruits").What did the results of this study show about the recall for this final set of words?

Accepted Answer

A) Contrary to expectations,semantic similarity had no influence on recall. 
B) Contrary to expectations,participants explained that they stored these final words in terms of visual images. 
C) Participants in all five groups showed no release from proactive interference. 
D) Recall on the final set of words was most accurate when the previous items had belonged to a different semantic category. 
A) Contrary to expectations,semantic similarity had no influence on recall. 
B) Contrary to expectations,participants explained that they stored these final words in terms of visual images. 
C) Participants in all five groups showed no release from proactive interference. 
D) Recall on the final set of words was most accurate when the previous items had belonged to a different semantic category.

Question 12

One of the most widely cited articles in psychology is George Miller's (1956)article on the size of short-term memory.According to your text,this article was important in cognitive psychology because

Accepted Answer

A) it clearly established the rigid limits of short-term memory's size. 
B) it demonstrated that short-term memory was distinctly different from long-term memory. 
C) it focused on a cognitive process-mentally converting the stimulus-at a time when most psychologists focused on people's external behavior. 
D) it showed that the key to the limits of short-term memory was the amount of time required to pronounce the stimuli. 
A) it clearly established the rigid limits of short-term memory's size. 
B) it demonstrated that short-term memory was distinctly different from long-term memory. 
C) it focused on a cognitive process-mentally converting the stimulus-at a time when most psychologists focused on people's external behavior. 
D) it showed that the key to the limits of short-term memory was the amount of time required to pronounce the stimuli.

Question 13

One reason that the visuospatial sketchpad is more challenging to study than the phonological loop is that

Accepted Answer

A) it's difficult to find ecologically valid situations in which the visuospatial sketchpad is relevant. 
B) participants are more likely to guess the correct answer,compared to studies that focus on the phonological loop. 
C) participants may spontaneously provide a verbal label for a shape,so the task may actually use the phonological loop. 
D) visual information must be presented more slowly than phonological information. 
A) it's difficult to find ecologically valid situations in which the visuospatial sketchpad is relevant. 
B) participants are more likely to guess the correct answer,compared to studies that focus on the phonological loop. 
C) participants may spontaneously provide a verbal label for a shape,so the task may actually use the phonological loop. 
D) visual information must be presented more slowly than phonological information.

Question 14

According to the discussion of working memory,the phonological loop

Accepted Answer

A) is useful when you learn a foreign language. 
B) primarily activates the right hemisphere of the brain. 
C) primarily receives information from the episodic buffer. 
D) has a large capacity when you are learning new vocabulary words. 
A) is useful when you learn a foreign language. 
B) primarily activates the right hemisphere of the brain. 
C) primarily receives information from the episodic buffer. 
D) has a large capacity when you are learning new vocabulary words.

Question 15

Imagine that you are trying to remember a reservation code that someone told you a minute ago.The number was 5834DM,but you remember it as 5834BN.This kind of error is called

Accepted Answer

A) subvocalization. 
B) an episodic buffer. 
C) an acoustic confusion. 
D) release from proactive interference. 
A) subvocalization. 
B) an episodic buffer. 
C) an acoustic confusion. 
D) release from proactive interference.

Question 16

Suppose that you are looking at a complex,detailed painting of a dog.Which of the following working-memory tasks would interfere most with your ability to form a clear image of this painting?

Accepted Answer

A) hearing the sound of a barking dog 
B) creating an auditory image of a favorite song 
C) creating a mental image of a dog that you actually see every day 
D) adding three single-digit numbers together 
A) hearing the sound of a barking dog 
B) creating an auditory image of a favorite song 
C) creating a mental image of a dog that you actually see every day 
D) adding three single-digit numbers together

Question 17

Which of the following students provides the best statement about the difference between people's performance in laboratory research and their performance in everyday life,with respect to working memory?

Accepted Answer

A) Phineas: "The tasks are much more difficult in the laboratory than they are in everyday life." 
B) Lizzy: "People try harder to perform well in the laboratory,compared to everyday life." 
C) Robert: "People are much more emotional in everyday life than in the laboratory." 
D) Glencora: "People work on a greater variety of tasks in everyday life,compared to the laboratory." 
A) Phineas: "The tasks are much more difficult in the laboratory than they are in everyday life." 
B) Lizzy: "People try harder to perform well in the laboratory,compared to everyday life." 
C) Robert: "People are much more emotional in everyday life than in the laboratory." 
D) Glencora: "People work on a greater variety of tasks in everyday life,compared to the laboratory."

Question 18

Suppose that a professor asks the students in her class to say their names out loud (one at a time)on the first day of class.Then she asks them to write down as many of their classmates' names as they can recall.Then she constructs a graph that shows "Number of correct responses" on the Y-axis and "Serial position of the name" on the X-axis.The shape of the graph

Accepted Answer

A) will be a straight line,with the greatest accuracy on the first items. 
B) will be a straight line,with the greatest accuracy on the last items. 
C) will be an upside-down U-shaped line,with the greatest accuracy on the middle items. 
D) will be a U-shaped line,with the greatest accuracy on the first and last items. 
A) will be a straight line,with the greatest accuracy on the first items. 
B) will be a straight line,with the greatest accuracy on the last items. 
C) will be an upside-down U-shaped line,with the greatest accuracy on the middle items. 
D) will be a U-shaped line,with the greatest accuracy on the first and last items.

Question 19

People with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder often have problems because they are impulsive and inattentive.The component of working memory that is most likely to be relevant in these problems is

Accepted Answer

A) the episodic buffer. 
B) the central executive. 
C) the visuospatial sketchpad. 
D) the phonological loop. 
A) the episodic buffer. 
B) the central executive. 
C) the visuospatial sketchpad. 
D) the phonological loop.

Question 20

What evidence suggested to Baddeley that working memory has several components?

Accepted Answer

A) The research on release from proactive interference 
B) Complex computer simulations 
C) Modeling using the parallel distributed processing approach 
D) Research showing that people can rehearse words and make spatial judgments at the same time 
A) The research on release from proactive interference 
B) Complex computer simulations 
C) Modeling using the parallel distributed processing approach 
D) Research showing that people can rehearse words and make spatial judgments at the same time

Which of the following students provides the best information about short-term memory in the Atkinson-Shiffrin model?

You are trying to retain-in your working memory-a mental picture of a stranger's face.According to Baddeley,you are using your

In a study on working memory,one group of participants repeated a sound,thereby blocking acoustic coding for other material.This research showed that

Baddeley's model of working memory now includes a feature called the "episodic buffer." According to Baddeley,this feature

Neuroscientists who have examined the visuospatial sketchpad have discovered that

Baddeley's model of working memory had a different focus from the earlier approaches to short-term memory because

Your textbook discusses research about the relationship between depression and performance on tasks involving the phonological loop.This research showed that

In the Atkinson-Shiffrin model of short-term memory,the concept called "control processes"

How would you characterize Alan Baddeley's description of working memory?

Imagine that you have volunteered to participate in some psychology research.The researcher tells you to look at several words briefly and then count backwards for about half a minute before recalling those words.The researcher is probably measuring

One of the most widely cited articles in psychology is George Miller's (1956)article on the size of short-term memory.According to your text,this article was important in cognitive psychology because

One reason that the visuospatial sketchpad is more challenging to study than the phonological loop is that

According to the discussion of working memory,the phonological loop

Imagine that you are trying to remember a reservation code that someone told you a minute ago.The number was 5834DM,but you remember it as 5834BN.This kind of error is called

Suppose that you are looking at a complex,detailed painting of a dog.Which of the following working-memory tasks would interfere most with your ability to form a clear image of this painting?

Which of the following students provides the best statement about the difference between people's performance in laboratory research and their performance in everyday life,with respect to working memory?

People with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder often have problems because they are impulsive and inattentive.The component of working memory that is most likely to be relevant in these problems is

What evidence suggested to Baddeley that working memory has several components?

An Introduction to Cognitive Psychology

Perceptual Processes I: Visual and Auditory Recognition

Perceptual Processes II: Attention and Consciousness

Long-Term Memory

Memory Strategies and Metacognition

Mental Imagery and Cognitive Maps

General Knowledge

Language I: Introduction to Language and Language Comprehension

Language II: Language Production and Bilingualism

Problem Solving and Creativity

Deductive Reasoning and Decision Making

Cognitive Development Throughout the Lifespan

Filters

Exam 4: Working Memory

Which of the following students provides the best information about short-term memory in the Atkinson-Shiffrin model?

You are trying to retain-in your working memory-a mental picture of a stranger's face.According to Baddeley,you are using your

In a study on working memory,one group of participants repeated a sound,thereby blocking acoustic coding for other material.This research showed that

Baddeley's model of working memory now includes a feature called the "episodic buffer." According to Baddeley,this feature

Neuroscientists who have examined the visuospatial sketchpad have discovered that

Baddeley's model of working memory had a different focus from the earlier approaches to short-term memory because

Your textbook discusses research about the relationship between depression and performance on tasks involving the phonological loop.This research showed that

In the Atkinson-Shiffrin model of short-term memory,the concept called "control processes"

How would you characterize Alan Baddeley's description of working memory?

Imagine that you have volunteered to participate in some psychology research.The researcher tells you to look at several words briefly and then count backwards for about half a minute before recalling those words.The researcher is probably measuring

One of the most widely cited articles in psychology is George Miller's (1956)article on the size of short-term memory.According to your text,this article was important in cognitive psychology because

One reason that the visuospatial sketchpad is more challenging to study than the phonological loop is that

According to the discussion of working memory,the phonological loop

Imagine that you are trying to remember a reservation code that someone told you a minute ago.The number was 5834DM,but you remember it as 5834BN.This kind of error is called

Suppose that you are looking at a complex,detailed painting of a dog.Which of the following working-memory tasks would interfere most with your ability to form a clear image of this painting?

Which of the following students provides the best statement about the difference between people's performance in laboratory research and their performance in everyday life,with respect to working memory?

People with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder often have problems because they are impulsive and inattentive.The component of working memory that is most likely to be relevant in these problems is

What evidence suggested to Baddeley that working memory has several components?

An Introduction to Cognitive Psychology

Perceptual Processes I: Visual and Auditory Recognition

Perceptual Processes II: Attention and Consciousness

Long-Term Memory

Memory Strategies and Metacognition

Mental Imagery and Cognitive Maps

General Knowledge

Language I: Introduction to Language and Language Comprehension

Language II: Language Production and Bilingualism

Problem Solving and Creativity

Deductive Reasoning and Decision Making

Cognitive Development Throughout the Lifespan

Filters