Question 1

Which of the following students provides the best overview of the current status of the Atkinson-Shiffrin model?

Accepted Answer

A) Flora: "It lost popularity after Miller's article on the 'magical number seven' failed to support the concept of short-term memory." 
B) Nicola: "This model continues to be important because recent research clearly supports the distinction between short-term memory and long-term memory." 
C) Bruce: "The research has not clearly demonstrated that short-term memory is different from long-term memory." 
D) Miguel: "The model now plays a major role in the parallel distributed processing (PDP)approach." 
A) Flora: "It lost popularity after Miller's article on the 'magical number seven' failed to support the concept of short-term memory." 
B) Nicola: "This model continues to be important because recent research clearly supports the distinction between short-term memory and long-term memory." 
C) Bruce: "The research has not clearly demonstrated that short-term memory is different from long-term memory." 
D) Miguel: "The model now plays a major role in the parallel distributed processing (PDP)approach."

Question 2

In the discussion of working memory,why did Teasdale and his colleagues (1995)conclude that daydreaming is processed by the central executive?

Accepted Answer

A) People daydreamed more creatively when they were instructed to use their central executive. 
B) People typically used their sensory receptors for this task,so the central executive was automatically activated. 
C) People could generate a sequence of random numbers more successfully if they were not daydreaming. 
D) People reported that they could not daydream in vivid detail if they were simultaneously engaged in another task that required the central executive. 
A) People daydreamed more creatively when they were instructed to use their central executive. 
B) People typically used their sensory receptors for this task,so the central executive was automatically activated. 
C) People could generate a sequence of random numbers more successfully if they were not daydreaming. 
D) People reported that they could not daydream in vivid detail if they were simultaneously engaged in another task that required the central executive.

Question 3

According to the Baddeley's revized model of working memory,one major purpose of the episodic buffer is to

Accepted Answer

A) store musical information (such as pitch and tones)for brief periods of time. 
B) manage the decisions that are too complicated for the central executive. 
C) coordinate the meaning and the visual appearance of written text. 
D) provide temporary storage for information from long-term memory,the phonological loop,and the visuospatial sketchpad. 
A) store musical information (such as pitch and tones)for brief periods of time. 
B) manage the decisions that are too complicated for the central executive. 
C) coordinate the meaning and the visual appearance of written text. 
D) provide temporary storage for information from long-term memory,the phonological loop,and the visuospatial sketchpad.

Question 4

Chapter 4 discussed research on the recency effect.How is this research related to short-term memory?

Accepted Answer

A) The final words in a list are recalled accurately because they are still in short-term memory. 
B) There is a clear-cut difference between pattern perception and short-term memory. 
C) The material can pass directly into long-term memory,without first entering short-term memory. 
D) The recency effect showed that the capacity of short-term memory is extremely large. 
A) The final words in a list are recalled accurately because they are still in short-term memory. 
B) There is a clear-cut difference between pattern perception and short-term memory. 
C) The material can pass directly into long-term memory,without first entering short-term memory. 
D) The recency effect showed that the capacity of short-term memory is extremely large.

Question 5

According to Baddeley's approach to working memory,the visuospatial sketchpad

Accepted Answer

A) is similar to the phonological loop because each has a limited capacity. 
B) is similar to the phonological loop because each is primarily handled by the left hemisphere of the brain. 
C) is different from the phonological loop,because the visuospatial sketchpad does not have a limited capacity. 
D) is different from the phonological loop,because the phonological loop does not have a limited capacity. 
A) is similar to the phonological loop because each has a limited capacity. 
B) is similar to the phonological loop because each is primarily handled by the left hemisphere of the brain. 
C) is different from the phonological loop,because the visuospatial sketchpad does not have a limited capacity. 
D) is different from the phonological loop,because the phonological loop does not have a limited capacity.

Question 6

A friend has just told you his cell phone number,and you repeat it to yourself several times as you search for a pen to record it.The technique you are using to remember the number is called

Accepted Answer

A) rehearsal. 
B) the serial position effect. 
C) release from proactive interference. 
D) the working-memory approach. 
A) rehearsal. 
B) the serial position effect. 
C) release from proactive interference. 
D) the working-memory approach.

Question 7

According to the discussion at the beginning of the chapter on working memory (Chapter 4),

Accepted Answer

A) most psychologists now believe that working memory has an unlimited capacity. 
B) working memory allows you to keep information accessible so that you can use it on a variety of current tasks. 
C) psychologists now agree that working memory and long-term memory have very different functions. 
D) working memory is the brief storage period prior to short-term memory in the classical information-processing models. 
A) most psychologists now believe that working memory has an unlimited capacity. 
B) working memory allows you to keep information accessible so that you can use it on a variety of current tasks. 
C) psychologists now agree that working memory and long-term memory have very different functions. 
D) working memory is the brief storage period prior to short-term memory in the classical information-processing models.

Question 8

Baddeley proposed that his approach to working memory differed from earlier approaches because

Accepted Answer

A) it emphasizes the differences between working memory and long-term memory. 
B) it emphasizes that working memory is an essential component for numerous cognitive tasks. 
C) it focuses on hearing,rather than vision. 
D) it focuses on the differences between human memory and the memory of other primates. 
A) it emphasizes the differences between working memory and long-term memory. 
B) it emphasizes that working memory is an essential component for numerous cognitive tasks. 
C) it focuses on hearing,rather than vision. 
D) it focuses on the differences between human memory and the memory of other primates.

Question 9

According to the chapter on working memory,what was nontraditional about George Miller's article on the "magical number seven"?

Accepted Answer

A) Research in a wide variety of cross-cultural settings continues to confirm that working memory is limited to seven items. 
B) Researchers had previously thought that the capacity of visual memory had no strict limits. 
C) Miller's research helped to persuade psychologists that the Atkinson-Shiffrin model of memory was inadequate. 
D) Miller's article emphasized active mental processes,rather than simply focusing on the stimulus and the response. 
A) Research in a wide variety of cross-cultural settings continues to confirm that working memory is limited to seven items. 
B) Researchers had previously thought that the capacity of visual memory had no strict limits. 
C) Miller's research helped to persuade psychologists that the Atkinson-Shiffrin model of memory was inadequate. 
D) Miller's article emphasized active mental processes,rather than simply focusing on the stimulus and the response.

Question 10

The discussion of working memory examines research on "acoustic confusions." How are acoustic confusions relevant to working memory?

Accepted Answer

A) When material is processed in the phonological loop,similar-sounding items can be confused with one another. 
B) When material is processed in the visuospatial sketchpad,similar-sounding items can be confused with one another. 
C) The central executive has several component processes,including the task of resolving acoustic confusions. 
D) This research suggests that the phonological loop plays a relatively minor role in working memory. 
A) When material is processed in the phonological loop,similar-sounding items can be confused with one another. 
B) When material is processed in the visuospatial sketchpad,similar-sounding items can be confused with one another. 
C) The central executive has several component processes,including the task of resolving acoustic confusions. 
D) This research suggests that the phonological loop plays a relatively minor role in working memory.

Question 11

Imagine that you are tutoring high school students,and you have quickly presented 12 new terms to them.They are likely to recall the first few terms most accurately because of

Accepted Answer

A) the primacy effect. 
B) the rehearsal effect. 
C) the chunking effect. 
D) the recency effect. 
A) the primacy effect. 
B) the rehearsal effect. 
C) the chunking effect. 
D) the recency effect.

Question 12

Suppose that your professor makes a graph that shows the relationship between the order in which a topic was covered in the course and the class's accuracy on test items for that topic.This graph would be called as a

Accepted Answer

A) serial position curve. 
B) free recall curve. 
C) memory span curve. 
D) Brown/Peterson & Peterson curve. 
A) serial position curve. 
B) free recall curve. 
C) memory span curve. 
D) Brown/Peterson & Peterson curve.

Question 13

Chapter 4 discusses characteristics of individuals with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD).According to this discussion,people with ADHD are especially likely to have difficulty with which of the following components of working memory?

Accepted Answer

A) The phonological loop 
B) The visuospatial sketchpad 
C) The episodic buffer 
D) The central executive 
A) The phonological loop 
B) The visuospatial sketchpad 
C) The episodic buffer 
D) The central executive

Question 14

As Chapter 4 discusses,John Brown,Lloyd Peterson,and Margaret Peterson created a classic technique for assessing short-term memory.In this technique,people saw some stimuli,counted backwards by threes during the delay period,and then tried to recall the original stimuli.The results of their research showed that

Accepted Answer

A) people could recall up to 10 stimuli,after a delay period of 3 minutes. 
B) people systematically recalled only 10% of the stimuli,on each trial in the study. 
C) at the beginning of the session,people could recall only 20% of the items; by the end of the session,they recalled about 40% of the items. 
D) after many previous trials,people had difficulty recalling the stimuli,even with only a short delay. 
A) people could recall up to 10 stimuli,after a delay period of 3 minutes. 
B) people systematically recalled only 10% of the stimuli,on each trial in the study. 
C) at the beginning of the session,people could recall only 20% of the items; by the end of the session,they recalled about 40% of the items. 
D) after many previous trials,people had difficulty recalling the stimuli,even with only a short delay.

Question 15

Working memory is useful in our daily lives because

Accepted Answer

A) it is flexible,so that you can work on a variety of tasks within a short time period. 
B) it has a strict limit; you,therefore,cannot confuse one task with another task. 
C) it accurately stores items for up to 10 minutes,even when you are working on another task. 
D) it has no upper limit. 
A) it is flexible,so that you can work on a variety of tasks within a short time period. 
B) it has a strict limit; you,therefore,cannot confuse one task with another task. 
C) it accurately stores items for up to 10 minutes,even when you are working on another task. 
D) it has no upper limit.

Question 16

According to Atkinson and Shiffrin's classic theory,

Accepted Answer

A) short-term memory and long-term memory are distinctly different processes. 
B) items stored in short-term memory are fairly permanent. 
C) rehearsal is necessary in order to move material from sensory memory to short-term memory. 
D) there are no strict limits in the capacity of short-term memory. 
A) short-term memory and long-term memory are distinctly different processes. 
B) items stored in short-term memory are fairly permanent. 
C) rehearsal is necessary in order to move material from sensory memory to short-term memory. 
D) there are no strict limits in the capacity of short-term memory.

Question 17

Amy recently saw a Broadway musical.As she listens to the soundtrack in her car a few days later,she forms clear visual images of the scenes from the show.This may cause her to experience difficulty driving,because of the limited capacity of her

Accepted Answer

A) central executive. 
B) visuospatial sketchpad 
C) phonological loop. 
D) episodic buffer. 
A) central executive. 
B) visuospatial sketchpad 
C) phonological loop. 
D) episodic buffer.

Question 18

Your textbook discussed the research on release from proactive interference in working memory.One study used five different categories of words,such as fruits and occupations.The results of this study indicated that

Accepted Answer

A) encoding in working memory is almost exclusively acoustic. 
B) long-term memory can supplement the acoustic basis of working memory. 
C) material in working memory can be stored in terms of meaning. 
D) material in working memory that has been stored in terms of sound is easier to recall after a brief delay,compared to material that has been stored in terms of meaning. 
A) encoding in working memory is almost exclusively acoustic. 
B) long-term memory can supplement the acoustic basis of working memory. 
C) material in working memory can be stored in terms of meaning. 
D) material in working memory that has been stored in terms of sound is easier to recall after a brief delay,compared to material that has been stored in terms of meaning.

Question 19

Suppose that you have been studying your French vocabulary words for several hours,and you are making an increasing number of mistakes.Then you switch to reviewing the new terms for your upcoming biology test,and your performance is noticeably better.You are experiencing

Accepted Answer

A) the serial-position effect 
B) thought suppression. 
C) release from proactive interference. 
D) the recency effect. 
A) the serial-position effect 
B) thought suppression. 
C) release from proactive interference. 
D) the recency effect.

Question 20

Suppose you are accustomed to driving a car in which the switch for the windshield wipers is located to the left of the steering wheel.Then you borrow a friend's car.To use the wipers on this car,you must activate the switch to the right of the steering wheel,but you keep reaching toward the left.You are demonstrating

Accepted Answer

A) proactive interference. 
B) the phonological loop. 
C) the effects of "magical number seven." 
D) a real-life version of the Brown/Peterson & Peterson test of memory. 
A) proactive interference. 
B) the phonological loop. 
C) the effects of "magical number seven." 
D) a real-life version of the Brown/Peterson & Peterson test of memory.

Which of the following students provides the best overview of the current status of the Atkinson-Shiffrin model?

In the discussion of working memory,why did Teasdale and his colleagues (1995)conclude that daydreaming is processed by the central executive?

According to the Baddeley's revized model of working memory,one major purpose of the episodic buffer is to

Chapter 4 discussed research on the recency effect.How is this research related to short-term memory?

According to Baddeley's approach to working memory,the visuospatial sketchpad

A friend has just told you his cell phone number,and you repeat it to yourself several times as you search for a pen to record it.The technique you are using to remember the number is called

According to the discussion at the beginning of the chapter on working memory (Chapter 4),

Baddeley proposed that his approach to working memory differed from earlier approaches because

According to the chapter on working memory,what was nontraditional about George Miller's article on the "magical number seven"?

The discussion of working memory examines research on "acoustic confusions." How are acoustic confusions relevant to working memory?

Imagine that you are tutoring high school students,and you have quickly presented 12 new terms to them.They are likely to recall the first few terms most accurately because of

Suppose that your professor makes a graph that shows the relationship between the order in which a topic was covered in the course and the class's accuracy on test items for that topic.This graph would be called as a

Chapter 4 discusses characteristics of individuals with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD).According to this discussion,people with ADHD are especially likely to have difficulty with which of the following components of working memory?

Working memory is useful in our daily lives because

According to Atkinson and Shiffrin's classic theory,

Amy recently saw a Broadway musical.As she listens to the soundtrack in her car a few days later,she forms clear visual images of the scenes from the show.This may cause her to experience difficulty driving,because of the limited capacity of her

Your textbook discussed the research on release from proactive interference in working memory.One study used five different categories of words,such as fruits and occupations.The results of this study indicated that

Suppose that you have been studying your French vocabulary words for several hours,and you are making an increasing number of mistakes.Then you switch to reviewing the new terms for your upcoming biology test,and your performance is noticeably better.You are experiencing

An Introduction to Cognitive Psychology

Perceptual Processes I: Visual and Auditory Recognition

Perceptual Processes II: Attention and Consciousness

Long-Term Memory

Memory Strategies and Metacognition

Mental Imagery and Cognitive Maps

General Knowledge

Language I: Introduction to Language and Language Comprehension

Language II: Language Production and Bilingualism

Problem Solving and Creativity

Deductive Reasoning and Decision Making

Cognitive Development Throughout the Lifespan

Filters

Exam 4: Working Memory

Which of the following students provides the best overview of the current status of the Atkinson-Shiffrin model?

In the discussion of working memory,why did Teasdale and his colleagues (1995)conclude that daydreaming is processed by the central executive?

According to the Baddeley's revized model of working memory,one major purpose of the episodic buffer is to

Chapter 4 discussed research on the recency effect.How is this research related to short-term memory?

According to Baddeley's approach to working memory,the visuospatial sketchpad

A friend has just told you his cell phone number,and you repeat it to yourself several times as you search for a pen to record it.The technique you are using to remember the number is called

According to the discussion at the beginning of the chapter on working memory (Chapter 4),

Baddeley proposed that his approach to working memory differed from earlier approaches because

According to the chapter on working memory,what was nontraditional about George Miller's article on the "magical number seven"?

The discussion of working memory examines research on "acoustic confusions." How are acoustic confusions relevant to working memory?

Imagine that you are tutoring high school students,and you have quickly presented 12 new terms to them.They are likely to recall the first few terms most accurately because of

Suppose that your professor makes a graph that shows the relationship between the order in which a topic was covered in the course and the class's accuracy on test items for that topic.This graph would be called as a

Chapter 4 discusses characteristics of individuals with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD).According to this discussion,people with ADHD are especially likely to have difficulty with which of the following components of working memory?

Working memory is useful in our daily lives because

According to Atkinson and Shiffrin's classic theory,

Amy recently saw a Broadway musical.As she listens to the soundtrack in her car a few days later,she forms clear visual images of the scenes from the show.This may cause her to experience difficulty driving,because of the limited capacity of her

Your textbook discussed the research on release from proactive interference in working memory.One study used five different categories of words,such as fruits and occupations.The results of this study indicated that

Suppose that you have been studying your French vocabulary words for several hours,and you are making an increasing number of mistakes.Then you switch to reviewing the new terms for your upcoming biology test,and your performance is noticeably better.You are experiencing

An Introduction to Cognitive Psychology

Perceptual Processes I: Visual and Auditory Recognition

Perceptual Processes II: Attention and Consciousness

Long-Term Memory

Memory Strategies and Metacognition

Mental Imagery and Cognitive Maps

General Knowledge

Language I: Introduction to Language and Language Comprehension

Language II: Language Production and Bilingualism

Problem Solving and Creativity

Deductive Reasoning and Decision Making

Cognitive Development Throughout the Lifespan

Filters