Question 1

In general,what is the relationship between emotional tone and recall accuracy in long-term memory?

Accepted Answer

A) Emotional tone has little influence on recall in long-term memory,although it does influence working memory. 
B) Recall is generally most accurate for mildly unpleasant items. 
C) Recall is generally most accurate for neutral items. 
D) Recall is generally most accurate for pleasant items. 
A) Emotional tone has little influence on recall in long-term memory,although it does influence working memory. 
B) Recall is generally most accurate for mildly unpleasant items. 
C) Recall is generally most accurate for neutral items. 
D) Recall is generally most accurate for pleasant items.

Question 2

The levels-of-processing approach

Accepted Answer

A) states that we remember material better if we encode it in terms of sensory characteristics. 
B) states that deeper processing of material usually leads to more permanent retention. 
C) emphasizes the difference between short-term memory and long-term memory. 
D) emphasizes that the best way to learn something is to repeat it over and over. 
A) states that we remember material better if we encode it in terms of sensory characteristics. 
B) states that deeper processing of material usually leads to more permanent retention. 
C) emphasizes the difference between short-term memory and long-term memory. 
D) emphasizes that the best way to learn something is to repeat it over and over.

Question 3

What general conclusion can we draw about our memory accuracy for important events in our lives ("flashbulb memories")?

Accepted Answer

A) For these events,our memories are so accurate that the name "flashbulb memory" is appropriate. 
B) For a disastrous event,people who live far away from the event are actually somewhat more likely than others to develop an accurate "flashbulb memory." 
C) These "flashbulb memories" can be explained by ordinary mechanisms,such as rehearsal frequency. 
D) Surprisingly,these "flashbulb memories" become even more accurate as time passes since the original event. 
A) For these events,our memories are so accurate that the name "flashbulb memory" is appropriate. 
B) For a disastrous event,people who live far away from the event are actually somewhat more likely than others to develop an accurate "flashbulb memory." 
C) These "flashbulb memories" can be explained by ordinary mechanisms,such as rehearsal frequency. 
D) Surprisingly,these "flashbulb memories" become even more accurate as time passes since the original event.

Question 4

When people estimate their confidence while providing eyewitness testimony,

Accepted Answer

A) they are typically more correct than they estimate themselves to be. 
B) they are almost as confident about their incorrect memories as they are about their correct memories. 
C) their confidence about their eyewitness testimony is strongly correlated with the accuracy of the testimony. 
D) their confidence is reduced because of the constructivist effect. 
A) they are typically more correct than they estimate themselves to be. 
B) they are almost as confident about their incorrect memories as they are about their correct memories. 
C) their confidence about their eyewitness testimony is strongly correlated with the accuracy of the testimony. 
D) their confidence is reduced because of the constructivist effect.

Question 5

Chapter 5 discusses several variables that can influence the accuracy of eyewitness testimony.According to this discussion,eyewitness testimony is most likely to be accurate when

Accepted Answer

A) someone was carrying a weapon. 
B) there was a long delay between the event and the eyewitness testimony. 
C) the misinformation is believable. 
D) there is no social pressure for the witness to supply information. 
A) someone was carrying a weapon. 
B) there was a long delay between the event and the eyewitness testimony. 
C) the misinformation is believable. 
D) there is no social pressure for the witness to supply information.

Question 6

The encoding-specificity principle suggests that

Accepted Answer

A) we recall something better if we are in the same context in which we originally learned the material. 
B) we recall something better if we are in a context that is moderately different from the original learning context-not too similar and not too different. 
C) recall depends upon how specific the instructions are; vague instructions lead to poor recall. 
D) it is more effective to encode material during learning than to decode the material during recall. 
A) we recall something better if we are in the same context in which we originally learned the material. 
B) we recall something better if we are in a context that is moderately different from the original learning context-not too similar and not too different. 
C) recall depends upon how specific the instructions are; vague instructions lead to poor recall. 
D) it is more effective to encode material during learning than to decode the material during recall.

Question 7

The research on encoding specificity shows that the effect

Accepted Answer

A) is more likely when items have been in memory for a long time. 
B) is more likely when tested by recognition,rather than recall. 
C) works only for negative or neutral events. 
D) works best when testing physical context,rather than mental context. 
A) is more likely when items have been in memory for a long time. 
B) is more likely when tested by recognition,rather than recall. 
C) works only for negative or neutral events. 
D) works best when testing physical context,rather than mental context.

Question 8

In Chapter 5 of your textbook,the discussion of encoding specificity and level of processing emphasized that

Accepted Answer

A) both encoding specificity and level of processing activate the visual cortex during processing,and this activation directly improves recall. 
B) recall is more accurate if the instructions during encoding match the instructions during remembering; this match may actually be more important than deep processing. 
C) the most important factor in determining recall is whether people processed the material using deep processing or shallow processing. 
D) encoding specificity is the most important factor in laboratory research on memory,whereas level of processing is the most important factor for everyday memory tasks. 
A) both encoding specificity and level of processing activate the visual cortex during processing,and this activation directly improves recall. 
B) recall is more accurate if the instructions during encoding match the instructions during remembering; this match may actually be more important than deep processing. 
C) the most important factor in determining recall is whether people processed the material using deep processing or shallow processing. 
D) encoding specificity is the most important factor in laboratory research on memory,whereas level of processing is the most important factor for everyday memory tasks.

Question 9

Why is retroactive interference relevant to the post-event misinformation effect?

Accepted Answer

A) Recently learned material may interfere with the older memories. 
B) Information gathered prior to an event may somehow bias the way you perceive the event. 
C) More vivid information will be recalled more accurately than less vivid information. 
D) Eyewitnesses are less confident than they should be. 
A) Recently learned material may interfere with the older memories. 
B) Information gathered prior to an event may somehow bias the way you perceive the event. 
C) More vivid information will be recalled more accurately than less vivid information. 
D) Eyewitnesses are less confident than they should be.

Question 10

In general,self-reference instructions

Accepted Answer

A) enhance memory in the laboratory,but not in real-life settings. 
B) enhance short-term memory,but not long-term memory. 
C) enhance memory in a wide variety of situations. 
D) are actually no more effective than instructions to use shallow processing. 
A) enhance memory in the laboratory,but not in real-life settings. 
B) enhance short-term memory,but not long-term memory. 
C) enhance memory in a wide variety of situations. 
D) are actually no more effective than instructions to use shallow processing.

Question 11

According to the research and discussion about source monitoring,

Accepted Answer

A) government agencies,corporations,and the media sometimes make source-monitoring errors. 
B) source-monitoring errors are generally easy to correct. 
C) people are almost always accurate in recognizing which ideas from an earlier session were actually their own. 
D) source monitoring occurs fairly often for visual information,but only rarely for auditory information. 
A) government agencies,corporations,and the media sometimes make source-monitoring errors. 
B) source-monitoring errors are generally easy to correct. 
C) people are almost always accurate in recognizing which ideas from an earlier session were actually their own. 
D) source monitoring occurs fairly often for visual information,but only rarely for auditory information.

Question 12

Psychologists in the United States have conducted research on identifying faces of people from different ethnic groups.This research shows that

Accepted Answer

A) Black and European American individuals are usually more accurate in recognizing members of their own ethnic groups,rather than members of other groups. 
B) Black individuals are significantly more accurate than European American individuals in recognizing members of both ethnic groups. 
C) in the current era,ethnicity is not a factor in recognizing faces. 
D) the results on ethnicity and recognition are so complex that no overall conclusions can be drawn. 
A) Black and European American individuals are usually more accurate in recognizing members of their own ethnic groups,rather than members of other groups. 
B) Black individuals are significantly more accurate than European American individuals in recognizing members of both ethnic groups. 
C) in the current era,ethnicity is not a factor in recognizing faces. 
D) the results on ethnicity and recognition are so complex that no overall conclusions can be drawn.

Question 13

Suppose that you are an advertiser,and a television station has told you that you can select the TV program in which you want your advertisement to appear.According to the research on long-term memory,you want your ad to appear in a program that is

Accepted Answer

A) emotionally neutral. 
B) mildly unpleasant. 
C) a violent cartoon show. 
D) a violent news program. 
A) emotionally neutral. 
B) mildly unpleasant. 
C) a violent cartoon show. 
D) a violent news program.

Question 14

What can we conclude about the self-reference effect?

Accepted Answer

A) Although early research found evidence of this effect,more recent experiments have been unable to demonstrate it. 
B) Although the self-reference effect operates with children,it does not apply to adolescents or adults. 
C) The research shows that people are more likely to recall words that apply to themselves compared with words that do not apply. 
D) The self-reference effect is one exception to the general tendency for deep levels of processing to be particularly effective in enhancing memory. 
A) Although early research found evidence of this effect,more recent experiments have been unable to demonstrate it. 
B) Although the self-reference effect operates with children,it does not apply to adolescents or adults. 
C) The research shows that people are more likely to recall words that apply to themselves compared with words that do not apply. 
D) The self-reference effect is one exception to the general tendency for deep levels of processing to be particularly effective in enhancing memory.

Question 15

Which of the following students provides the best summary of the research on the relationship between encoding and retrieval?

Accepted Answer

A) Chad: "Performance at retrieval is consistently best for those items that were encoded with deep levels of processing." 
B) Juan: "When retrieval emphasizes shallow processing,then shallow processing is more effective at the time of encoding." 
C) Silvia: "The research on source monitoring casts doubt on the relationship between encoding and retrieval." 
D) Saundra: "For visual stimuli,encoding and retrieval are closely correlated; for auditory stimuli,they are not." 
A) Chad: "Performance at retrieval is consistently best for those items that were encoded with deep levels of processing." 
B) Juan: "When retrieval emphasizes shallow processing,then shallow processing is more effective at the time of encoding." 
C) Silvia: "The research on source monitoring casts doubt on the relationship between encoding and retrieval." 
D) Saundra: "For visual stimuli,encoding and retrieval are closely correlated; for auditory stimuli,they are not."

Question 16

In laboratory studies of false memories,about ___ of participants actually come to remember an event that never actually occurred.

Accepted Answer

A) 10% 
B) 25% 
C) 50% 
D) 75% 
A) 10% 
B) 25% 
C) 50% 
D) 75%

Question 17

Suppose that you hear about a man who has retrograde amnesia.What kind of memory task will he find most difficult?

Accepted Answer

A) Working-memory tasks 
B) Remembering events that happened before his brain injury 
C) Remembering visual information about events that happened after his brain injury 
D) Remembering verbal information about events that happened after his brain injury 
A) Working-memory tasks 
B) Remembering events that happened before his brain injury 
C) Remembering visual information about events that happened after his brain injury 
D) Remembering verbal information about events that happened after his brain injury

Question 18

According to your textbook,which of the following is one likely explanation for the self-reference effect?

Accepted Answer

A) Self-reference instructions increase the likelihood of the item being stored in procedural memory. 
B) Self-reference instructions increase the capacity of working memory. 
C) When people think about whether words apply to themselves,they consider how their personal characteristics are interrelated. 
D) In reality,most people emphasize the physical characteristics of the stimulus,rather than using self-reference. 
A) Self-reference instructions increase the likelihood of the item being stored in procedural memory. 
B) Self-reference instructions increase the capacity of working memory. 
C) When people think about whether words apply to themselves,they consider how their personal characteristics are interrelated. 
D) In reality,most people emphasize the physical characteristics of the stimulus,rather than using self-reference.

Question 19

According to the levels-of-processing approach,the most effective way to learn a passage in a textbook is usually in terms of

Accepted Answer

A) its meaning. 
B) its physical characteristics. 
C) the sound of the words that you need to remember. 
D) the color of ink in which the passage is printed 
A) its meaning. 
B) its physical characteristics. 
C) the sound of the words that you need to remember. 
D) the color of ink in which the passage is printed

Question 20

Compared to control-group participants,people with anterograde amnesia are likely to

Accepted Answer

A) perform similarly on implicit memory tasks,but poorer on explicit memory tasks. 
B) perform similarly on explicit memory tasks,but poorer on implicit memory tasks. 
C) perform significantly worse on both implicit and explicit tasks. 
D) perform well on recognition tasks,but poorly on all other measures of memory. 
A) perform similarly on implicit memory tasks,but poorer on explicit memory tasks. 
B) perform similarly on explicit memory tasks,but poorer on implicit memory tasks. 
C) perform significantly worse on both implicit and explicit tasks. 
D) perform well on recognition tasks,but poorly on all other measures of memory.

In general,what is the relationship between emotional tone and recall accuracy in long-term memory?

The levels-of-processing approach

What general conclusion can we draw about our memory accuracy for important events in our lives ("flashbulb memories")?

When people estimate their confidence while providing eyewitness testimony,

Chapter 5 discusses several variables that can influence the accuracy of eyewitness testimony.According to this discussion,eyewitness testimony is most likely to be accurate when

The encoding-specificity principle suggests that

The research on encoding specificity shows that the effect

In Chapter 5 of your textbook,the discussion of encoding specificity and level of processing emphasized that

Why is retroactive interference relevant to the post-event misinformation effect?

In general,self-reference instructions

According to the research and discussion about source monitoring,

Psychologists in the United States have conducted research on identifying faces of people from different ethnic groups.This research shows that

Suppose that you are an advertiser,and a television station has told you that you can select the TV program in which you want your advertisement to appear.According to the research on long-term memory,you want your ad to appear in a program that is

What can we conclude about the self-reference effect?

Which of the following students provides the best summary of the research on the relationship between encoding and retrieval?

In laboratory studies of false memories,about ___ of participants actually come to remember an event that never actually occurred.

Suppose that you hear about a man who has retrograde amnesia.What kind of memory task will he find most difficult?

According to your textbook,which of the following is one likely explanation for the self-reference effect?

According to the levels-of-processing approach,the most effective way to learn a passage in a textbook is usually in terms of

Compared to control-group participants,people with anterograde amnesia are likely to

An Introduction to Cognitive Psychology

Perceptual Processes I: Visual and Auditory Recognition

Perceptual Processes II: Attention and Consciousness

Working Memory

Memory Strategies and Metacognition

Mental Imagery and Cognitive Maps

General Knowledge

Language I: Introduction to Language and Language Comprehension

Language II: Language Production and Bilingualism

Problem Solving and Creativity

Deductive Reasoning and Decision Making

Cognitive Development Throughout the Lifespan

Filters

Exam 5: Long-Term Memory

In general,what is the relationship between emotional tone and recall accuracy in long-term memory?

The levels-of-processing approach

What general conclusion can we draw about our memory accuracy for important events in our lives ("flashbulb memories")?

When people estimate their confidence while providing eyewitness testimony,

Chapter 5 discusses several variables that can influence the accuracy of eyewitness testimony.According to this discussion,eyewitness testimony is most likely to be accurate when

The encoding-specificity principle suggests that

The research on encoding specificity shows that the effect

In Chapter 5 of your textbook,the discussion of encoding specificity and level of processing emphasized that

Why is retroactive interference relevant to the post-event misinformation effect?

In general,self-reference instructions

According to the research and discussion about source monitoring,

Psychologists in the United States have conducted research on identifying faces of people from different ethnic groups.This research shows that

Suppose that you are an advertiser,and a television station has told you that you can select the TV program in which you want your advertisement to appear.According to the research on long-term memory,you want your ad to appear in a program that is

What can we conclude about the self-reference effect?

Which of the following students provides the best summary of the research on the relationship between encoding and retrieval?

In laboratory studies of false memories,about ___ of participants actually come to remember an event that never actually occurred.

Suppose that you hear about a man who has retrograde amnesia.What kind of memory task will he find most difficult?

According to your textbook,which of the following is one likely explanation for the self-reference effect?

According to the levels-of-processing approach,the most effective way to learn a passage in a textbook is usually in terms of

Compared to control-group participants,people with anterograde amnesia are likely to

An Introduction to Cognitive Psychology

Perceptual Processes I: Visual and Auditory Recognition

Perceptual Processes II: Attention and Consciousness

Working Memory

Memory Strategies and Metacognition

Mental Imagery and Cognitive Maps

General Knowledge

Language I: Introduction to Language and Language Comprehension

Language II: Language Production and Bilingualism

Problem Solving and Creativity

Deductive Reasoning and Decision Making

Cognitive Development Throughout the Lifespan

Filters