Question 1

In functional fixedness,

Accepted Answer

A) if an object has one particular function,we realize that the object can also be used in other capacities. 
B) we realize that a problem can be solved most efficiently by the hill-climbing heuristic. 
C) we rely too heavily on bottom-up processing. 
D) we assign a particular use to an object,and that use tends to remain stable. 
A) if an object has one particular function,we realize that the object can also be used in other capacities. 
B) we realize that a problem can be solved most efficiently by the hill-climbing heuristic. 
C) we rely too heavily on bottom-up processing. 
D) we assign a particular use to an object,and that use tends to remain stable.

Question 2

Jane is given an anagram to solve: DFROJ In attempting to solve the anagram,Jane takes out a sheet of paper and methodically begins to write down every possible combination of these five letters: DFRJO,DFJOR,DFJRO,DFORJ,and so forth Jane's strategy would be described as

Accepted Answer

A) a heuristic. 
B) means-end analysis. 
C) an algorithm. 
D) working backwards. 
A) a heuristic. 
B) means-end analysis. 
C) an algorithm. 
D) working backwards.

Question 3

A major problem with using the analogy approach to problem solving is that

Accepted Answer

A) people pay too little attention to structural features. 
B) people pay too little attention to surface features. 
C) people select an inappropriate matrix to represent their understanding of the problem. 
D) people perform an exhaustive search,which is a time-consuming approach to problem solving. 
A) people pay too little attention to structural features. 
B) people pay too little attention to surface features. 
C) people select an inappropriate matrix to represent their understanding of the problem. 
D) people perform an exhaustive search,which is a time-consuming approach to problem solving.

Question 4

According to the research on visual images and problem solving,

Accepted Answer

A) when people solve a problem using imagery,they rarely supplement an image with verbal material. 
B) visual images are typically more rational than verbal methods of representing the problem. 
C) visual imagery often prevents people from solving a problem creatively. 
D) visual images often allow problem solvers to select nontraditional solutions for problems. 
A) when people solve a problem using imagery,they rarely supplement an image with verbal material. 
B) visual images are typically more rational than verbal methods of representing the problem. 
C) visual imagery often prevents people from solving a problem creatively. 
D) visual images often allow problem solvers to select nontraditional solutions for problems.

Question 5

Dwaine has just completed a high school course in algebra.However,when he needs to solve a problem that uses basic algebra,he finds that he does not know how to apply his knowledge.Cognitive psychologists would argue that Dwaine

Accepted Answer

A) is having trouble because of the situated-cognition issue. 
B) should apply the matrix method,because it is especially useful for algebra problems. 
C) is probably using an inappropriate algorithm. 
D) should try parallel processing. 
A) is having trouble because of the situated-cognition issue. 
B) should apply the matrix method,because it is especially useful for algebra problems. 
C) is probably using an inappropriate algorithm. 
D) should try parallel processing.

Question 6

Heidi is taking an online class with timed exams,and Heidi complains that the exams are not fair to her because she reads more slowly than the average student.Heidi's instructor tells her that reading speed and comprehension are skills that can be improved with practice,and encourages her to overcome this obstacle instead of using it as an excuse.Heidi's instructor is encouraging her to adopt

Accepted Answer

A) a fixed mindset. 
B) a growth mindset. 
C) functional fixedness. 
D) creativity. 
A) a fixed mindset. 
B) a growth mindset. 
C) functional fixedness. 
D) creativity.

Question 7

Suppose that you belong to an organization that plans to sponsor a speaker for next semester.At the planning meeting,the group members begin by dividing the project into four components: choosing the speaker,making arrangements for the speaker's travel,fundraising,and publicity.This arrangement is closest to the problem-solving strategy called

Accepted Answer

A) the situated cognition approach. 
B) the hill climbing heuristic. 
C) the means-ends heuristic. 
D) the analogy approach. 
A) the situated cognition approach. 
B) the hill climbing heuristic. 
C) the means-ends heuristic. 
D) the analogy approach.

Question 8

Chapter 11 compared how-on some tasks-experts and novices use parallel processing.According to this discussion,

Accepted Answer

A) novices use parallel processing more than experts do. 
B) experts use parallel processing more than novices do. 
C) when researchers have controlled for the kind of problem that is being solved,experts and novices make similar use of parallel processing. 
D) both experts and novices make too much use of parallel processing. 
A) novices use parallel processing more than experts do. 
B) experts use parallel processing more than novices do. 
C) when researchers have controlled for the kind of problem that is being solved,experts and novices make similar use of parallel processing. 
D) both experts and novices make too much use of parallel processing.

Question 9

In problem solving,a method that always produces a problem solution (though not necessarily very efficiently)is known as

Accepted Answer

A) an algorithm. 
B) a heuristic. 
C) a matrix. 
D) the hill-climbing heuristic. 
A) an algorithm. 
B) a heuristic. 
C) a matrix. 
D) the hill-climbing heuristic.

Question 10

According to the research on expertise and problem solving,

Accepted Answer

A) expert chess-players are much better than novices at remembering random arrangements of chess pieces. 
B) expert problem-solvers are more likely than novices to emphasize structural features in the representation of a problem. 
C) experts and novices are similar in their usage of means-ends heuristics. 
D) experts are skilled at judging whether a problem will be difficult for novices to solve. 
A) expert chess-players are much better than novices at remembering random arrangements of chess pieces. 
B) expert problem-solvers are more likely than novices to emphasize structural features in the representation of a problem. 
C) experts and novices are similar in their usage of means-ends heuristics. 
D) experts are skilled at judging whether a problem will be difficult for novices to solve.

Question 11

Research on problem isomorphs has demonstrated that

Accepted Answer

A) in general,novices are better than experts in identifying problem isomorphs. 
B) problem solving often requires peeling away the superficial features of a problem,in order to discover problem isomorphs. 
C) most problem solvers can easily detect problem isomorphs. 
D) unsituated learning produces a greater number of correct solutions than does situated learning. 
A) in general,novices are better than experts in identifying problem isomorphs. 
B) problem solving often requires peeling away the superficial features of a problem,in order to discover problem isomorphs. 
C) most problem solvers can easily detect problem isomorphs. 
D) unsituated learning produces a greater number of correct solutions than does situated learning.

Question 12

According to the introduction to the section on problem understanding,

Accepted Answer

A) understanding occurs when we have evolved an external representation for an internal problem. 
B) a primary criterion for understanding is the ability to represent the problem in matrix form. 
C) attention is necessary for problem solution,but it is not essential for problem understanding. 
D) understanding requires a close correspondence between the situation you need to understand and your own internal representation. 
A) understanding occurs when we have evolved an external representation for an internal problem. 
B) a primary criterion for understanding is the ability to represent the problem in matrix form. 
C) attention is necessary for problem solution,but it is not essential for problem understanding. 
D) understanding requires a close correspondence between the situation you need to understand and your own internal representation.

Question 13

Which of the following examples about intrinsic motivation is correct?

Accepted Answer

A) You are working hard on a task because you know it will lead to a high grade. 
B) You are working hard on a task because you think it is interesting. 
C) You keep working on a task,even when you think it is boring. 
D) You decide not to work hard on a competition with a cash prize,because you know that other people need the money more than you do. 
A) You are working hard on a task because you know it will lead to a high grade. 
B) You are working hard on a task because you think it is interesting. 
C) You keep working on a task,even when you think it is boring. 
D) You decide not to work hard on a competition with a cash prize,because you know that other people need the money more than you do.

Question 14

You would expect a matrix to be a useful problem solving representation when

Accepted Answer

A) the problem is very abstract. 
B) the problem is relatively simple. 
C) the information is stable,not changing over time. 
D) you need to represent visual information. 
A) the problem is very abstract. 
B) the problem is relatively simple. 
C) the information is stable,not changing over time. 
D) you need to represent visual information.

Question 15

When people try to solve problems,which feature of the problem should they emphasize the most?

Accepted Answer

A) Structural features 
B) Surface features 
C) Schematic features 
D) Algorithms 
A) Structural features 
B) Surface features 
C) Schematic features 
D) Algorithms

Question 16

Suppose that you want to make a chart that lists the possible combinations that can be formed with four basic flavors of cake and three basic flavors of frosting.This chart would be called

Accepted Answer

A) a matrix. 
B) a statistical interaction. 
C) a visual image. 
D) the symbol approach. 
A) a matrix. 
B) a statistical interaction. 
C) a visual image. 
D) the symbol approach.

Question 17

According to the research on mental sets,

Accepted Answer

A) mental set is an overreliance on bottom-up processing. 
B) mental set is especially helpful when you are trying to solve a problem creatively. 
C) people may produce inferior problem solutions if they are shown examples of possible solutions before they try to solve the problem. 
D) mental sets neither help nor hinder problem solving. 
A) mental set is an overreliance on bottom-up processing. 
B) mental set is especially helpful when you are trying to solve a problem creatively. 
C) people may produce inferior problem solutions if they are shown examples of possible solutions before they try to solve the problem. 
D) mental sets neither help nor hinder problem solving.

Question 18

According to the discussion of creativity,

Accepted Answer

A) various measures of creativity are highly correlated with one another. 
B) divergent production involves finding the one way in which many different items are related to one another. 
C) creative solutions must be novel and useful. 
D) psychologists agree upon a definition of creativity,but not on a way to measure it. 
A) various measures of creativity are highly correlated with one another. 
B) divergent production involves finding the one way in which many different items are related to one another. 
C) creative solutions must be novel and useful. 
D) psychologists agree upon a definition of creativity,but not on a way to measure it.

Question 19

In a means-ends analysis,

Accepted Answer

A) the matrix approach is most useful. 
B) we disregard some aspects of the problem in order to make the problem simpler. 
C) we solve a problem by emphasizing embodied cognition. 
D) we divide the problem into a number of subproblems. 
A) the matrix approach is most useful. 
B) we disregard some aspects of the problem in order to make the problem simpler. 
C) we solve a problem by emphasizing embodied cognition. 
D) we divide the problem into a number of subproblems.

Question 20

According to the discussion of insight problems and noninsight problems,

Accepted Answer

A) insight requires a sudden solution to a problem,without awareness that the problem has been successfully solved. 
B) people solve insight problems more gradually than noninsight problems. 
C) noninsight problems require more creativity than insight problems. 
D) noninsight problems are typically solved in a systematic,one-step-at-a-time fashion. 
A) insight requires a sudden solution to a problem,without awareness that the problem has been successfully solved. 
B) people solve insight problems more gradually than noninsight problems. 
C) noninsight problems require more creativity than insight problems. 
D) noninsight problems are typically solved in a systematic,one-step-at-a-time fashion.

In functional fixedness,

Jane is given an anagram to solve: DFROJ In attempting to solve the anagram,Jane takes out a sheet of paper and methodically begins to write down every possible combination of these five letters: DFRJO,DFJOR,DFJRO,DFORJ,and so forth Jane's strategy would be described as

A major problem with using the analogy approach to problem solving is that

According to the research on visual images and problem solving,

Dwaine has just completed a high school course in algebra.However,when he needs to solve a problem that uses basic algebra,he finds that he does not know how to apply his knowledge.Cognitive psychologists would argue that Dwaine

Chapter 11 compared how-on some tasks-experts and novices use parallel processing.According to this discussion,

In problem solving,a method that always produces a problem solution (though not necessarily very efficiently)is known as

According to the research on expertise and problem solving,

Research on problem isomorphs has demonstrated that

According to the introduction to the section on problem understanding,

Which of the following examples about intrinsic motivation is correct?

You would expect a matrix to be a useful problem solving representation when

When people try to solve problems,which feature of the problem should they emphasize the most?

Suppose that you want to make a chart that lists the possible combinations that can be formed with four basic flavors of cake and three basic flavors of frosting.This chart would be called

According to the research on mental sets,

According to the discussion of creativity,

In a means-ends analysis,

According to the discussion of insight problems and noninsight problems,

An Introduction to Cognitive Psychology

Perceptual Processes I: Visual and Auditory Recognition

Perceptual Processes II: Attention and Consciousness

Working Memory

Long-Term Memory

Memory Strategies and Metacognition

Mental Imagery and Cognitive Maps

General Knowledge

Language I: Introduction to Language and Language Comprehension

Language II: Language Production and Bilingualism

Deductive Reasoning and Decision Making

Cognitive Development Throughout the Lifespan

Filters

Exam 11: Problem Solving and Creativity

In functional fixedness,

Jane is given an anagram to solve: DFROJ In attempting to solve the anagram,Jane takes out a sheet of paper and methodically begins to write down every possible combination of these five letters: DFRJO,DFJOR,DFJRO,DFORJ,and so forth Jane's strategy would be described as

A major problem with using the analogy approach to problem solving is that

According to the research on visual images and problem solving,

Dwaine has just completed a high school course in algebra.However,when he needs to solve a problem that uses basic algebra,he finds that he does not know how to apply his knowledge.Cognitive psychologists would argue that Dwaine

Chapter 11 compared how-on some tasks-experts and novices use parallel processing.According to this discussion,

In problem solving,a method that always produces a problem solution (though not necessarily very efficiently)is known as

According to the research on expertise and problem solving,

Research on problem isomorphs has demonstrated that

According to the introduction to the section on problem understanding,

Which of the following examples about intrinsic motivation is correct?

You would expect a matrix to be a useful problem solving representation when

When people try to solve problems,which feature of the problem should they emphasize the most?

Suppose that you want to make a chart that lists the possible combinations that can be formed with four basic flavors of cake and three basic flavors of frosting.This chart would be called

According to the research on mental sets,

According to the discussion of creativity,

In a means-ends analysis,

According to the discussion of insight problems and noninsight problems,

An Introduction to Cognitive Psychology

Perceptual Processes I: Visual and Auditory Recognition

Perceptual Processes II: Attention and Consciousness

Working Memory

Long-Term Memory

Memory Strategies and Metacognition

Mental Imagery and Cognitive Maps

General Knowledge

Language I: Introduction to Language and Language Comprehension

Language II: Language Production and Bilingualism

Deductive Reasoning and Decision Making

Cognitive Development Throughout the Lifespan

Filters