Question 1

A major problem with the hill-climbing heuristic is that

Accepted Answer

A) people choose the most direct route at every choice point,even though an indirect route may be better in the long run. 
B) people are inefficient in dividing the problem into the appropriate subproblems. 
C) people typically show functional fixedness. 
D) people are too likely to move backwards,rather than forwards. 
A) people choose the most direct route at every choice point,even though an indirect route may be better in the long run. 
B) people are inefficient in dividing the problem into the appropriate subproblems. 
C) people typically show functional fixedness. 
D) people are too likely to move backwards,rather than forwards.

Question 2

According to the research on the use of diagrams in problem solving,

Accepted Answer

A) diagrams are often helpful because they can convey information in a clear way. 
B) a hierarchical tree diagram is a list of steps that must be followed in solving a problem. 
C) the most effective way to use diagrams is to construct a matrix representing all possible combinations of options. 
D) people seldom solve problems by using diagrams,because verbal representations are much more appealing. 
A) diagrams are often helpful because they can convey information in a clear way. 
B) a hierarchical tree diagram is a list of steps that must be followed in solving a problem. 
C) the most effective way to use diagrams is to construct a matrix representing all possible combinations of options. 
D) people seldom solve problems by using diagrams,because verbal representations are much more appealing.

Question 3

Which of the following students provides the most accurate information about expertise during problem solving?

Accepted Answer

A) Lisa: "Experts are better at estimating how long it would take nonexperts to solve a problem." 
B) Pernelle: "Experts are more likely to use a mental set." 
C) Jack: "Experts are more likely to use their top-down processing effectively." 
D) Sabino: "Experts are more likely to use serial processing." 
A) Lisa: "Experts are better at estimating how long it would take nonexperts to solve a problem." 
B) Pernelle: "Experts are more likely to use a mental set." 
C) Jack: "Experts are more likely to use their top-down processing effectively." 
D) Sabino: "Experts are more likely to use serial processing."

Question 4

Suppose that you learned to make peanut-butter-and-jelly sandwiches by spreading peanut butter on one piece of bread,jelly on the other,and then placing the two pieces together.You are now making sandwiches for a crowd,and you use this same strategy.However,it would be more efficient to first spread peanut butter on half the pieces,and then spread jelly on the other half.Your inefficient problem solving illustrates the concept called

Accepted Answer

A) parallel processing. 
B) insight. 
C) mental set. 
D) problem isomorphs. 
A) parallel processing. 
B) insight. 
C) mental set. 
D) problem isomorphs.

Question 5

Suppose that you are in charge of the Psychology Club's annual picnic,and you need to fill each student's lunch container with a main course (beef,chicken,or vegan),as well as a dessert (lemon or chocolate).The most effective way to represent this information would be to create

Accepted Answer

A) a matrix. 
B) a graph 
C) symbols 
D) a diagram 
A) a matrix. 
B) a graph 
C) symbols 
D) a diagram

Question 6

Divergent production

Accepted Answer

A) is one kind of means-end strategy. 
B) involves making a number of different responses to a variety of test items. 
C) is the most valid measure of creativity. 
D) tends to be highly correlated with other measures of creativity. 
A) is one kind of means-end strategy. 
B) involves making a number of different responses to a variety of test items. 
C) is the most valid measure of creativity. 
D) tends to be highly correlated with other measures of creativity.

Question 7

An important potential problem with using symbols to represent a problem is that

Accepted Answer

A) people typically use at least twice as many symbols as they need. 
B) people usually construct a hierarchical tree diagram,even though they intended to use symbols. 
C) people insert the symbols into the wrong matrix. 
D) people have trouble translating words into the appropriate symbols. 
A) people typically use at least twice as many symbols as they need. 
B) people usually construct a hierarchical tree diagram,even though they intended to use symbols. 
C) people insert the symbols into the wrong matrix. 
D) people have trouble translating words into the appropriate symbols.

Question 8

Why is the embodied cognition approach important when people are trying to solve certain kinds of problems?

Accepted Answer

A) If they examine their immediate environment,the answer is often obvious. 
B) This approach often produces a strong visual image. 
C) The problem solver is less likely to use analogies. 
D) Your gestures often encourage you to express abstract thoughts and terms. 
A) If they examine their immediate environment,the answer is often obvious. 
B) This approach often produces a strong visual image. 
C) The problem solver is less likely to use analogies. 
D) Your gestures often encourage you to express abstract thoughts and terms.

Question 9

Suppose that you have always prepared a casserole in a certain fashion.Then you buy a food processor.It would be most efficient to prepare the ingredients in a new order,but you follow your old,familiar order.The strategy that you are using is

Accepted Answer

A) the hill-climbing heuristic. 
B) a mental set. 
C) parallel processing. 
D) divergent production. 
A) the hill-climbing heuristic. 
B) a mental set. 
C) parallel processing. 
D) divergent production.

Question 10

Suppose that you believe you can increase your cognitive performance by challenging yourself to work harder and more effectively.According to your textbook,you would have

Accepted Answer

A) a fixed mindset. 
B) overactive bottom-up processing. 
C) a growth mindset. 
D) creativity. 
A) a fixed mindset. 
B) overactive bottom-up processing. 
C) a growth mindset. 
D) creativity.

Question 11

In computer simulation,the computer is programmed

Accepted Answer

A) to perform a task the same way that a human would. 
B) to perform a task that matches the minimum performance of a human problem solver. 
C) to use algorithms,but not heuristics. 
D) to solve a problem as efficiently as possible. 
A) to perform a task the same way that a human would. 
B) to perform a task that matches the minimum performance of a human problem solver. 
C) to use algorithms,but not heuristics. 
D) to solve a problem as efficiently as possible.

Question 12

According to the discussion of visual imagery during problem solving,

Accepted Answer

A) visual images can be nontraditional,so they are sometimes more helpful than symbols and other methods of representing a problem. 
B) surprisingly,people who are high in visual-imagery abilities are no more likely than other people to use imagery effectively during problem solving. 
C) visual imagery is helpful only if problem solvers are initially instructed to visualize a familiar object. 
D) a disadvantage to visual imagery is that it can only be used if you have a clear idea about the solution to the problem. 
A) visual images can be nontraditional,so they are sometimes more helpful than symbols and other methods of representing a problem. 
B) surprisingly,people who are high in visual-imagery abilities are no more likely than other people to use imagery effectively during problem solving. 
C) visual imagery is helpful only if problem solvers are initially instructed to visualize a familiar object. 
D) a disadvantage to visual imagery is that it can only be used if you have a clear idea about the solution to the problem.

Question 13

The discussion of insight in problem solving pointed out that

Accepted Answer

A) gestalt psychologists emphasized the importance of insight in solving problems. 
B) behaviorist psychologists were especially interested in the kinds of problems that require insight. 
C) when people solve insight problems,their confidence builds gradually as they work on the solution to a problem. 
D) people solve noninsight problems more quickly when they realize that their basic assumptions are not appropriate. 
A) gestalt psychologists emphasized the importance of insight in solving problems. 
B) behaviorist psychologists were especially interested in the kinds of problems that require insight. 
C) when people solve insight problems,their confidence builds gradually as they work on the solution to a problem. 
D) people solve noninsight problems more quickly when they realize that their basic assumptions are not appropriate.

Question 14

Imagine that a group of male college students is about to take a test of their ability to "read" other people's body language.The students are divided into three groups.Group A is not told anything about how males and females tend to perform on this test.Group B is told that males tend to outperform females on this test.Group C is told that females tend to outperform males on this test.Based on research regarding stereotype threat,we would expect that

Accepted Answer

A) all three groups will perform similarly on the test. 
B) Group C will perform best,followed by Group A and then Group B. 
C) Group B will perform best,followed by Group A and then Group C. 
D) Both Group B and Group C will outperform Group A. 
A) all three groups will perform similarly on the test. 
B) Group C will perform best,followed by Group A and then Group B. 
C) Group B will perform best,followed by Group A and then Group C. 
D) Both Group B and Group C will outperform Group A.

Question 15

Chapter 11 describes the relationship between several personality characteristics and creativity.According to the research by Veena Pradhu and her colleagues,students are likely to be more creative if

Accepted Answer

A) they are low in self-efficacy. 
B) they are low in intrinsic motivation. 
C) they are high in intrinsic motivation 
D) they are high in extrinsic motivation. 
A) they are low in self-efficacy. 
B) they are low in intrinsic motivation. 
C) they are high in intrinsic motivation 
D) they are high in extrinsic motivation.

Question 16

Anatoly has been playing chess since early childhood,and is described as an expert player.His cousin Viktor has only recently begun to play the game,and describes himself as a novice.We would expect Anatoly to outperform Viktor on tests of his memory for

Accepted Answer

A) general knowledge and trivia. 
B) random configurations of chess pieces on a board. 
C) chess positions from actual chess games. 
D) knowledge about the history of chess. 
A) general knowledge and trivia. 
B) random configurations of chess pieces on a board. 
C) chess positions from actual chess games. 
D) knowledge about the history of chess.

Question 17

The section on creativity in Chapter 11 examined research about intrinsic motivation and creativity in writing poetry.According to this research,people were especially likely to be creative

Accepted Answer

A) when they had high intrinsic motivation for working on the task. 
B) when they knew that the best poem would receive a cash prize. 
C) when they wrote poems with other participants in the same room,rather than when no other participants were in the room. 
D) when the researchers specified the initial state,the goal state,and the obstacles. 
A) when they had high intrinsic motivation for working on the task. 
B) when they knew that the best poem would receive a cash prize. 
C) when they wrote poems with other participants in the same room,rather than when no other participants were in the room. 
D) when the researchers specified the initial state,the goal state,and the obstacles.

Question 18

The computer simulation called General Problem Solver

Accepted Answer

A) solves problems in the most efficient fashion possible. 
B) solves problems using the analogy method. 
C) solves problems using means-ends analysis. 
D) alternates between forward searches and backward searches in problem solving. 
A) solves problems in the most efficient fashion possible. 
B) solves problems using the analogy method. 
C) solves problems using means-ends analysis. 
D) alternates between forward searches and backward searches in problem solving.

Question 19

Which of the following research topics would be most interesting to a psychologist who favors the situated-cognitive approach?

Accepted Answer

A) When working on a geometry problem,do people solve the problem more quickly if they are shown a diagram,in addition to the verbal form of the problem? 
B) On a problem requiring a matrix solution,are people faster at solving problems if they have already tried several easier versions of the problem? 
C) On a math problem requiring symbols,does the amount of irrelevant information influence the accuracy of the solution to the problem? 
D) What kind of strategies do college students use when trying to solve the problem of getting a ride to their hometown for a vacation? 
A) When working on a geometry problem,do people solve the problem more quickly if they are shown a diagram,in addition to the verbal form of the problem? 
B) On a problem requiring a matrix solution,are people faster at solving problems if they have already tried several easier versions of the problem? 
C) On a math problem requiring symbols,does the amount of irrelevant information influence the accuracy of the solution to the problem? 
D) What kind of strategies do college students use when trying to solve the problem of getting a ride to their hometown for a vacation?

Question 20

Which of the following students provides the best summary of the situated-cognition approach?

Accepted Answer

A) Pearlie: "People typically cannot solve a problem unless they picture themselves situated at the goal state." 
B) Laurie: "Visual imagery is especially helpful because it encourages problem solvers to vividly picture themselves in the situation." 
C) Vladimir: "Psychologists who study problem solving should emphasize how people can solve everyday problems in the real world,rather than in an artificial setting." 
D) Samuel: "Psychologists can understand problem solving better if they try playing the role of a research participant who is faced with a representative problem." 
A) Pearlie: "People typically cannot solve a problem unless they picture themselves situated at the goal state." 
B) Laurie: "Visual imagery is especially helpful because it encourages problem solvers to vividly picture themselves in the situation." 
C) Vladimir: "Psychologists who study problem solving should emphasize how people can solve everyday problems in the real world,rather than in an artificial setting." 
D) Samuel: "Psychologists can understand problem solving better if they try playing the role of a research participant who is faced with a representative problem."

A major problem with the hill-climbing heuristic is that

According to the research on the use of diagrams in problem solving,

Which of the following students provides the most accurate information about expertise during problem solving?

Suppose that you are in charge of the Psychology Club's annual picnic,and you need to fill each student's lunch container with a main course (beef,chicken,or vegan),as well as a dessert (lemon or chocolate).The most effective way to represent this information would be to create

Divergent production

An important potential problem with using symbols to represent a problem is that

Why is the embodied cognition approach important when people are trying to solve certain kinds of problems?

Suppose that you have always prepared a casserole in a certain fashion.Then you buy a food processor.It would be most efficient to prepare the ingredients in a new order,but you follow your old,familiar order.The strategy that you are using is

Suppose that you believe you can increase your cognitive performance by challenging yourself to work harder and more effectively.According to your textbook,you would have

In computer simulation,the computer is programmed

According to the discussion of visual imagery during problem solving,

The discussion of insight in problem solving pointed out that

Chapter 11 describes the relationship between several personality characteristics and creativity.According to the research by Veena Pradhu and her colleagues,students are likely to be more creative if

Anatoly has been playing chess since early childhood,and is described as an expert player.His cousin Viktor has only recently begun to play the game,and describes himself as a novice.We would expect Anatoly to outperform Viktor on tests of his memory for

The section on creativity in Chapter 11 examined research about intrinsic motivation and creativity in writing poetry.According to this research,people were especially likely to be creative

The computer simulation called General Problem Solver

Which of the following research topics would be most interesting to a psychologist who favors the situated-cognitive approach?

Which of the following students provides the best summary of the situated-cognition approach?

An Introduction to Cognitive Psychology

Perceptual Processes I: Visual and Auditory Recognition

Perceptual Processes II: Attention and Consciousness

Working Memory

Long-Term Memory

Memory Strategies and Metacognition

Mental Imagery and Cognitive Maps

General Knowledge

Language I: Introduction to Language and Language Comprehension

Language II: Language Production and Bilingualism

Deductive Reasoning and Decision Making

Cognitive Development Throughout the Lifespan

Filters

Exam 11: Problem Solving and Creativity

A major problem with the hill-climbing heuristic is that

According to the research on the use of diagrams in problem solving,

Which of the following students provides the most accurate information about expertise during problem solving?

Suppose that you are in charge of the Psychology Club's annual picnic,and you need to fill each student's lunch container with a main course (beef,chicken,or vegan),as well as a dessert (lemon or chocolate).The most effective way to represent this information would be to create

Divergent production

An important potential problem with using symbols to represent a problem is that

Why is the embodied cognition approach important when people are trying to solve certain kinds of problems?

Suppose that you have always prepared a casserole in a certain fashion.Then you buy a food processor.It would be most efficient to prepare the ingredients in a new order,but you follow your old,familiar order.The strategy that you are using is

Suppose that you believe you can increase your cognitive performance by challenging yourself to work harder and more effectively.According to your textbook,you would have

In computer simulation,the computer is programmed

According to the discussion of visual imagery during problem solving,

The discussion of insight in problem solving pointed out that

Chapter 11 describes the relationship between several personality characteristics and creativity.According to the research by Veena Pradhu and her colleagues,students are likely to be more creative if

Anatoly has been playing chess since early childhood,and is described as an expert player.His cousin Viktor has only recently begun to play the game,and describes himself as a novice.We would expect Anatoly to outperform Viktor on tests of his memory for

The section on creativity in Chapter 11 examined research about intrinsic motivation and creativity in writing poetry.According to this research,people were especially likely to be creative

The computer simulation called General Problem Solver

Which of the following research topics would be most interesting to a psychologist who favors the situated-cognitive approach?

Which of the following students provides the best summary of the situated-cognition approach?

An Introduction to Cognitive Psychology

Perceptual Processes I: Visual and Auditory Recognition

Perceptual Processes II: Attention and Consciousness

Working Memory

Long-Term Memory

Memory Strategies and Metacognition

Mental Imagery and Cognitive Maps

General Knowledge

Language I: Introduction to Language and Language Comprehension

Language II: Language Production and Bilingualism

Deductive Reasoning and Decision Making

Cognitive Development Throughout the Lifespan

Filters