Question 1

Which of the following theories provides the safest strategies for teaching a child to cross a busy street?

Accepted Answer

A) Observational learning 
B) Stimulus organism response 
C) Operant conditioning 
D) Classical conditioning 
A) Observational learning 
B) Stimulus organism response 
C) Operant conditioning 
D) Classical conditioning

Question 2

A behaviour is negatively reinforced when the consequence involves removing something __________ and positively reinforced when the consequence involves presenting something __________.

Accepted Answer

A) pleasant;pleasant 
B) unpleasant;pleasant 
C) unpleasant;unpleasant 
D) pleasant;unpleasant 
A) pleasant;pleasant 
B) unpleasant;pleasant 
C) unpleasant;unpleasant 
D) pleasant;unpleasant

Question 3

The "O" in S-O-R psychology stands for

Accepted Answer

A) operant. 
B) observational. 
C) organism. 
D) omniscient. 
A) operant. 
B) observational. 
C) organism. 
D) omniscient.

Question 4

A negative reinforcer is a stimulus that is __________ and,thus,__________ the probability of a response.

Accepted Answer

A) removed;increases 
B) removed;decreases 
C) presented;increases 
D) presented;decreases 
A) removed;increases 
B) removed;decreases 
C) presented;increases 
D) presented;decreases

Question 5

Nicky tends to bite his nails when he becomes nervous because it calms him down.Nicky's behaviour is an example of

Accepted Answer

A) classical conditioning. 
B) shaping. 
C) generalization. 
D) negative reinforcement. 
A) classical conditioning. 
B) shaping. 
C) generalization. 
D) negative reinforcement.

Question 6

Which of the following statements regarding Pavlov is accurate?

Accepted Answer

A) Pavlov was studying salivation in dogs as part of a research program on digestion. 
B) Pavlov was elated when his student first noticed that the dogs were salivating before tasting the food. 
C) Pavlov continued his Nobel Prize-winning research on digestion after documenting conditioning. 
D) Pavlov stressed the importance of speculating about the dog's feelings toward the food. 
A) Pavlov was studying salivation in dogs as part of a research program on digestion. 
B) Pavlov was elated when his student first noticed that the dogs were salivating before tasting the food. 
C) Pavlov continued his Nobel Prize-winning research on digestion after documenting conditioning. 
D) Pavlov stressed the importance of speculating about the dog's feelings toward the food.

Question 7

Regarding operant conditioning,which of the following is an example of negative reinforcement?

Accepted Answer

A) A student turns in neater homework when the teacher praises neatness 
B) A student is exempted from a weekly quiz for exemplary homework 
C) A student loses earned free time for playing with lab equipment 
D) A student is sent to detention for fighting 
A) A student turns in neater homework when the teacher praises neatness 
B) A student is exempted from a weekly quiz for exemplary homework 
C) A student loses earned free time for playing with lab equipment 
D) A student is sent to detention for fighting

Question 8

Researchers that have studied the relationship between physical punishment by parents and aggressive behaviour in children have found that

Accepted Answer

A) punishment is associated with more behavioural problems in children. 
B) there is a causal relationship between parental punishment and childhood aggression. 
C) punishment is effective for reducing problem behaviour in children and decreases aggressive responses. 
D) children who have aggressive tendencies will act accordingly independent of how the parents deal with problem behaviours. 
A) punishment is associated with more behavioural problems in children. 
B) there is a causal relationship between parental punishment and childhood aggression. 
C) punishment is effective for reducing problem behaviour in children and decreases aggressive responses. 
D) children who have aggressive tendencies will act accordingly independent of how the parents deal with problem behaviours.

Question 9

From an evolutionary perspective,habituation makes sense because we

Accepted Answer

A) have learned through our genetic ancestors what stimuli are important or unimportant to attend to. 
B) can survive dangerous or painful situations better by habituating to them. 
C) stop responding to stimuli that pose no threat but continue to respond to stimuli that are dangerous. 
D) respond more to stimuli that we have repeated experiences with. 
A) have learned through our genetic ancestors what stimuli are important or unimportant to attend to. 
B) can survive dangerous or painful situations better by habituating to them. 
C) stop responding to stimuli that pose no threat but continue to respond to stimuli that are dangerous. 
D) respond more to stimuli that we have repeated experiences with.

Question 10

Normally,when food is placed in the mouth of any animal,the salivary glands start releasing saliva to help with chewing and digestion.In terms of Pavlov's analysis of learning,salivation would be referred to as

Accepted Answer

A) a digestive reflux. 
B) conditioned response. 
C) an unconditioned response. 
D) a voluntary response. 
A) a digestive reflux. 
B) conditioned response. 
C) an unconditioned response. 
D) a voluntary response.

Question 11

In Pavlov's "salivating dogs" studies,the UCS was

Accepted Answer

A) salivation. 
B) joy. 
C) food. 
D) noise. 
A) salivation. 
B) joy. 
C) food. 
D) noise.

Question 12

Skinner was to rats as Thorndike was to

Accepted Answer

A) pigeons. 
B) dogs. 
C) rabbits. 
D) cats. 
A) pigeons. 
B) dogs. 
C) rabbits. 
D) cats.

Question 13

Which theorists' views of learning are most closely tied?

Accepted Answer

A) Watson's and Skinner's 
B) Pavlov's and Skinner's 
C) Pavlov's and Bandura's 
D) Skinner's and Bandura's 
A) Watson's and Skinner's 
B) Pavlov's and Skinner's 
C) Pavlov's and Bandura's 
D) Skinner's and Bandura's

Question 14

Little Albert learns to fear white rats,but he does not fear white rabbits.This behaviour illustrates

Accepted Answer

A) spontaneous recovery. 
B) stimulus discrimination. 
C) acquisition. 
D) stimulus generalization. 
A) spontaneous recovery. 
B) stimulus discrimination. 
C) acquisition. 
D) stimulus generalization.

Question 15

Your friend Hannah is about to begin chemotherapy treatments for cancer.She read in an information packet that chemotherapy patients often develop aversions to their favourite foods due to illness associated with the treatments.Which of the following would you recommend to Hannah to help her avoid these aversions?

Accepted Answer

A) Prior to her chemotherapy,Hannah should eat an unfamiliar scapegoat food so that any aversions she develops will be associated with the scapegoat and not her favourite foods. 
B) Hannah should continue to eat her favourite foods despite taste aversions as those will eventually go away and her favourite foods will make her feel better. 
C) Taste aversions only occur to unfamiliar foods so she should eat familiar foods prior to chemotherapy. 
D) Taste aversions require repeated pairings to develop and as long as she eats something different prior to each chemotherapy treatment,she shouldn't develop any taste aversions. 
A) Prior to her chemotherapy,Hannah should eat an unfamiliar scapegoat food so that any aversions she develops will be associated with the scapegoat and not her favourite foods. 
B) Hannah should continue to eat her favourite foods despite taste aversions as those will eventually go away and her favourite foods will make her feel better. 
C) Taste aversions only occur to unfamiliar foods so she should eat familiar foods prior to chemotherapy. 
D) Taste aversions require repeated pairings to develop and as long as she eats something different prior to each chemotherapy treatment,she shouldn't develop any taste aversions.

Question 16

Which of the following is not an example of operant conditioning?

Accepted Answer

A) Training a rat to run a maze by rewarding them with food once they reach the end. 
B) Ignoring a patient who fakes anxiety attacks because it normally results in attention from staff. 
C) Teaching a child to do his chores by giving him a cookie when he has completed them. 
D) Helping a patient's phobia of spiders by exposing him to the dangerous stimuli when in a relaxed state. 
A) Training a rat to run a maze by rewarding them with food once they reach the end. 
B) Ignoring a patient who fakes anxiety attacks because it normally results in attention from staff. 
C) Teaching a child to do his chores by giving him a cookie when he has completed them. 
D) Helping a patient's phobia of spiders by exposing him to the dangerous stimuli when in a relaxed state.

Question 17

Three-year-old Sarah learns to associate the smell of popcorn with watching movies.This learning represents

Accepted Answer

A) classical conditioning. 
B) operational learning. 
C) operant conditioning. 
D) observational learning. 
A) classical conditioning. 
B) operational learning. 
C) operant conditioning. 
D) observational learning.

Question 18

Allison is trying to teach her cat to use the toilet rather than the litter box to go to the bathroom.She initially moves the litter box into the bathroom and gives her cat a treat when she uses it.Then she moves the litter box on top of the toilet and gives her cat a treat when she uses it.Next,she uses a toilet insert that has litter in it but requires her cat to balance on the toilet seat to go to the bathroom.When her cat successfully does this,Allison gives her a treat.Allison is using which of the following processes of operant conditioning?

Accepted Answer

A) Fading 
B) Shaping 
C) Chaining 
D) Scalloping 
A) Fading 
B) Shaping 
C) Chaining 
D) Scalloping

Question 19

Use of operant conditioning techniques and applied behaviour analysis (ABA)have been applied extensively to treating which disorder?

Accepted Answer

A) Schizophrenia 
B) Phobias 
C) Autism 
D) Post-traumatic Stress Disorder 
A) Schizophrenia 
B) Phobias 
C) Autism 
D) Post-traumatic Stress Disorder

Question 20

Which of the intermittent schedules produces the highest rates of responding?

Accepted Answer

A) Variable ratio 
B) Fixed ratio 
C) Fixed interval 
D) Variable interval 
A) Variable ratio 
B) Fixed ratio 
C) Fixed interval 
D) Variable interval

Exam 6: D: Learning

Which of the following theories provides the safest strategies for teaching a child to cross a busy street?

A behaviour is negatively reinforced when the consequence involves removing something __________ and positively reinforced when the consequence involves presenting something __________.

The "O" in S-O-R psychology stands for

A negative reinforcer is a stimulus that is __________ and,thus,__________ the probability of a response.

Nicky tends to bite his nails when he becomes nervous because it calms him down.Nicky's behaviour is an example of

Which of the following statements regarding Pavlov is accurate?

Regarding operant conditioning,which of the following is an example of negative reinforcement?

Researchers that have studied the relationship between physical punishment by parents and aggressive behaviour in children have found that

From an evolutionary perspective,habituation makes sense because we

Normally,when food is placed in the mouth of any animal,the salivary glands start releasing saliva to help with chewing and digestion.In terms of Pavlov's analysis of learning,salivation would be referred to as

In Pavlov's "salivating dogs" studies,the UCS was

Skinner was to rats as Thorndike was to

Which theorists' views of learning are most closely tied?

Little Albert learns to fear white rats,but he does not fear white rabbits.This behaviour illustrates

Which of the following is not an example of operant conditioning?

Three-year-old Sarah learns to associate the smell of popcorn with watching movies.This learning represents

Use of operant conditioning techniques and applied behaviour analysis (ABA)have been applied extensively to treating which disorder?

Which of the intermittent schedules produces the highest rates of responding?

A: Psychology and Scientific Thinking

B: Psychology and Scientific Thinking

C: Psychology and Scientific Thinking

D: Psychology and Scientific Thinking

A: Research Methods

B: Research Methods

C: Research Methods

D: Research Methods

A: Biological Psychology

B: Biological Psychology

C: Biological Psychology

D: Biological Psychology

A: Sensation and Perception

B: Sensation and Perception

C: Sensation and Perception

D: Sensation and Perception

A: Consciousness

B: Consciousness

C: Consciousness

D: Consciousness

A: Learning

B: Learning

C: Learning

A: Memory

B: Memory

C: Memory

D: Memory

A: Thinking,reasoning,and Language

B: Language,thinking,and Reasoning

C: Language,thinking,and Reasoning

D: Language,thinking,and Reasoning

A: Intelligence and Iq Testing

B: Intelligence and Iq Testing

C: Intelligence and Iq Testing

D: Intelligence and Iq Testing

A: Human Development

B: Human Development

C: Human Development

D: Human Development

A: Emotion and Motivation

B: Emotion and Motivation

C: Emotion and Motivation

D: Emotion and Motivation

A: Stress,coping,and Health

B: Stress,coping,and Health

C: Stress,coping,and Health

D: Stress,coping,and Health

A: Social Psychology

B: Social Psychology

C: Social Psychology

D: Social Psychology

A: Personality

B: Personality

C: Personality

D: Personality

A: Psychological Disorders

B: Psychological Disorders

C: Psychological Disorders

D: Psychological Disorders

A: Psychological and Biological Treatments

B: Psychological and Biological Treatments

A behaviour is negatively reinforced when the consequence involves removing something and positively reinforced when the consequence involves presenting something .

A negative reinforcer is a stimulus that is and,thus, the probability of a response.