Question 1

Five-year-old Joann will learn to read best if she is reinforced based on

Accepted Answer

A) how many books she reads. 
B) when she reads. 
C) how much time she spends reading. 
D) where she reads. 
A) how many books she reads. 
B) when she reads. 
C) how much time she spends reading. 
D) where she reads.

Question 2

Alan loves both doughnuts and sex and always eats a doughnut immediately before having sex.After a time of engaging in frequent doughnut-sexual activity pairings,Alan finds that he becomes sexually aroused at the mere sight of a doughnut,even if he is not about to have sex.Alan's responses can be explained by

Accepted Answer

A) pseudoconditioning. 
B) conditioned compensatory responses. 
C) classically conditioned fetishism. 
D) latent inhibition. 
A) pseudoconditioning. 
B) conditioned compensatory responses. 
C) classically conditioned fetishism. 
D) latent inhibition.

Question 3

S-O-R theorists were one of the first groups to point out the role of __________ in learning.

Accepted Answer

A) observation 
B) expectation 
C) generalization 
D) recognition 
A) observation 
B) expectation 
C) generalization 
D) recognition

Question 4

A fixed ratio schedule of reinforcement involves

Accepted Answer

A) giving reinforcement after a specific amount of time has elapsed. 
B) giving reinforcement after a varied number of behaviours have been produced. 
C) giving reinforcement after a specific number of behaviours have been produced. 
D) giving reinforcement after a varied amount of time has elapsed. 
A) giving reinforcement after a specific amount of time has elapsed. 
B) giving reinforcement after a varied number of behaviours have been produced. 
C) giving reinforcement after a specific number of behaviours have been produced. 
D) giving reinforcement after a varied amount of time has elapsed.

Question 5

Most employees work eight hours per day from Monday through Friday.Most employees are paid on a __________ schedule of reinforcement.

Accepted Answer

A) variable ratio 
B) variable interval 
C) fixed ratio 
D) fixed interval 
A) variable ratio 
B) variable interval 
C) fixed ratio 
D) fixed interval

Question 6

__________ occurs when stimuli similar to an original CS elicits a response,whereas __________ occurs when a less pronounced response to stimuli that differ from the original CS is exhibited.

Accepted Answer

A) Stimulus discrimination;stimulus generalization 
B) Stimulus generalization;stimulus discrimination 
C) Stimulus habituation;generalization gradient 
D) Generalization gradient;stimulus habituation 
A) Stimulus discrimination;stimulus generalization 
B) Stimulus generalization;stimulus discrimination 
C) Stimulus habituation;generalization gradient 
D) Generalization gradient;stimulus habituation

Question 7

Which of the following is an example of positive reinforcement?

Accepted Answer

A) Giving a child candy for completing their homework 
B) Taking away privileges if a child does not follow classroom rules 
C) Giving students homework passes if they work hard during class 
D) Removing a child's chores when he or she complete homework 
A) Giving a child candy for completing their homework 
B) Taking away privileges if a child does not follow classroom rules 
C) Giving students homework passes if they work hard during class 
D) Removing a child's chores when he or she complete homework

Question 8

"If a response is followed by a pleasurable consequence,it will tend to be repeated.If a response is followed by an unpleasant consequence,it will tend not to be repeated." This is a statement of

Accepted Answer

A) the law of positive reinforcement. 
B) Rescorla's cognitive perspective. 
C) Garcia's conditional emotional response. 
D) Thorndike's law of effect. 
A) the law of positive reinforcement. 
B) Rescorla's cognitive perspective. 
C) Garcia's conditional emotional response. 
D) Thorndike's law of effect.

Question 9

The tendency for animals to return to innate behaviours following repeated reinforcement is called

Accepted Answer

A) biological preparedness. 
B) instinctive drift. 
C) latent inhibition. 
D) insight learning. 
A) biological preparedness. 
B) instinctive drift. 
C) latent inhibition. 
D) insight learning.

Question 10

Ursula was conditioned to be afraid of white rats.However,she also is now afraid of white hamsters but does not show a fear response to white guinea pigs.Ursula's responses best demonstrate that

Accepted Answer

A) stimulus generalization has occurred. 
B) stimulus discrimination has occurred. 
C) stimulus generalization occurs along a generalization gradient. 
D) stimulus discrimination occurs along a discrimination gradient. 
A) stimulus generalization has occurred. 
B) stimulus discrimination has occurred. 
C) stimulus generalization occurs along a generalization gradient. 
D) stimulus discrimination occurs along a discrimination gradient.

Question 11

In Pavlov's classic experiments,the repeated presentation of the bell along with the food was called the __________ step of the classical conditioning process.

Accepted Answer

A) spontaneous recovery 
B) extinction 
C) testing 
D) acquisition 
A) spontaneous recovery 
B) extinction 
C) testing 
D) acquisition

Question 12

Which two theorists laid the groundwork for the theory of operant conditioning?

Accepted Answer

A) Thorndike and Skinner 
B) Pavlov and Skinner 
C) Bandura and Skinner 
D) Watson and Skinner 
A) Thorndike and Skinner 
B) Pavlov and Skinner 
C) Bandura and Skinner 
D) Watson and Skinner

Question 13

An example of conditioned taste aversions would be

Accepted Answer

A) chemotherapy patients losing their appetites for food served around the same time they had their treatments. 
B) learning to avoid high carbohydrate foods by using principles of positive reinforcement and punishment. 
C) eating something you dislike every time you eat something you really like but shouldn't have. 
D) putting medication in with your pets food for a week and they eventually stop wanting to eat their food. 
A) chemotherapy patients losing their appetites for food served around the same time they had their treatments. 
B) learning to avoid high carbohydrate foods by using principles of positive reinforcement and punishment. 
C) eating something you dislike every time you eat something you really like but shouldn't have. 
D) putting medication in with your pets food for a week and they eventually stop wanting to eat their food.

Question 14

Under what circumstances will a reinforcer make the target response more likely to occur again?

Accepted Answer

A) If it is a primary reinforcer 
B) If it is a positive reinforcer 
C) If it is a negative reinforcer 
D) Regardless of whether it is a positive or negative reinforcer,a reinforcer makes a response more likely to occur. 
A) If it is a primary reinforcer 
B) If it is a positive reinforcer 
C) If it is a negative reinforcer 
D) Regardless of whether it is a positive or negative reinforcer,a reinforcer makes a response more likely to occur.

Question 15

Little Albert's acquired fear of a white rat was a classic example of a(n)__________ response.

Accepted Answer

A) classical counterconditioned 
B) conditioned emotional 
C) positively reinforced 
D) negatively reinforced 
A) classical counterconditioned 
B) conditioned emotional 
C) positively reinforced 
D) negatively reinforced

Question 16

Andrew is a heroin addict,and he usually shoots up at his friend Dave's place.Following an intervention and treatment,Andrew is trying very hard to stop using heroin but finds that when he goes over to Dave's place,his craving for the drug is very strong.In this example,the context of taking the drug serves as

Accepted Answer

A) an unconditioned response. 
B) higher-order conditioning. 
C) a source of stimulus generalization. 
D) a form of aversive conditioning. 
A) an unconditioned response. 
B) higher-order conditioning. 
C) a source of stimulus generalization. 
D) a form of aversive conditioning.

Question 17

Your parakeet eats some cooked spaghetti.Later,the parakeet gets ill.What would the research on biological preparedness predict?

Accepted Answer

A) The parakeet will probably not eat shell macaroni because it smells similar to spaghetti. 
B) The parakeet will probably not eat shell macaroni because it tastes similar to spaghetti. 
C) The parakeet will probably not eat linguini noodles because they are long and thin and look similar to spaghetti. 
D) The parakeet will eat spaghetti again. 
A) The parakeet will probably not eat shell macaroni because it smells similar to spaghetti. 
B) The parakeet will probably not eat shell macaroni because it tastes similar to spaghetti. 
C) The parakeet will probably not eat linguini noodles because they are long and thin and look similar to spaghetti. 
D) The parakeet will eat spaghetti again.

Question 18

Paul has a fear of being tickled by feathers (pteronophobia)and seeks advice from his friend Deanna on how to get over his fear.Based on principles of learning,what should Deanna recommend to Paul?

Accepted Answer

A) With repeated feather tickling,he should habituate and not be scared of them any longer. 
B) Repeatedly pair feather tickling with pleasurable stimuli (i.e. ,doughnuts)to "uncondition" the fear. 
C) Apply other stimuli other than feathers to tickling so that stimulus generalization occurs. 
D) Suck it up and deal with it;they are feathers and they not scary. 
A) With repeated feather tickling,he should habituate and not be scared of them any longer. 
B) Repeatedly pair feather tickling with pleasurable stimuli (i.e. ,doughnuts)to "uncondition" the fear. 
C) Apply other stimuli other than feathers to tickling so that stimulus generalization occurs. 
D) Suck it up and deal with it;they are feathers and they not scary.

Question 19

It is most appropriate to use operant conditioning when

Accepted Answer

A) teaching a child to swim. 
B) teaching a child to dive into a swimming pool. 
C) teaching a child to cross a busy street. 
D) teaching a child to read. 
A) teaching a child to swim. 
B) teaching a child to dive into a swimming pool. 
C) teaching a child to cross a busy street. 
D) teaching a child to read.

Question 20

Which of the following is true regarding schedules of reinforcement?

Accepted Answer

A) Partial reinforcement allows for new behaviours to be learned more quickly as compared to continuous reinforcement. 
B) Partial reinforcement of target behaviour leads to greater resistance to extinction than continuous reinforcement does. 
C) Continuous reinforcement schedules involve reinforcing behaviour based on fixed time interval schedules. 
D) Continuous reinforcement of target behaviour leads to greater resistance to extinction than partial reinforcement does. 
A) Partial reinforcement allows for new behaviours to be learned more quickly as compared to continuous reinforcement. 
B) Partial reinforcement of target behaviour leads to greater resistance to extinction than continuous reinforcement does. 
C) Continuous reinforcement schedules involve reinforcing behaviour based on fixed time interval schedules. 
D) Continuous reinforcement of target behaviour leads to greater resistance to extinction than partial reinforcement does.

Exam 6: D: Learning

Five-year-old Joann will learn to read best if she is reinforced based on

S-O-R theorists were one of the first groups to point out the role of __________ in learning.

A fixed ratio schedule of reinforcement involves

Most employees work eight hours per day from Monday through Friday.Most employees are paid on a __________ schedule of reinforcement.

__________ occurs when stimuli similar to an original CS elicits a response,whereas __________ occurs when a less pronounced response to stimuli that differ from the original CS is exhibited.

Which of the following is an example of positive reinforcement?

"If a response is followed by a pleasurable consequence,it will tend to be repeated.If a response is followed by an unpleasant consequence,it will tend not to be repeated." This is a statement of

The tendency for animals to return to innate behaviours following repeated reinforcement is called

Ursula was conditioned to be afraid of white rats.However,she also is now afraid of white hamsters but does not show a fear response to white guinea pigs.Ursula's responses best demonstrate that

In Pavlov's classic experiments,the repeated presentation of the bell along with the food was called the __________ step of the classical conditioning process.

Which two theorists laid the groundwork for the theory of operant conditioning?

An example of conditioned taste aversions would be

Under what circumstances will a reinforcer make the target response more likely to occur again?

Little Albert's acquired fear of a white rat was a classic example of a(n)__________ response.

Your parakeet eats some cooked spaghetti.Later,the parakeet gets ill.What would the research on biological preparedness predict?

Paul has a fear of being tickled by feathers (pteronophobia)and seeks advice from his friend Deanna on how to get over his fear.Based on principles of learning,what should Deanna recommend to Paul?

It is most appropriate to use operant conditioning when

Which of the following is true regarding schedules of reinforcement?

A: Psychology and Scientific Thinking

B: Psychology and Scientific Thinking

C: Psychology and Scientific Thinking

D: Psychology and Scientific Thinking

A: Research Methods

B: Research Methods

C: Research Methods

D: Research Methods

A: Biological Psychology

B: Biological Psychology

C: Biological Psychology

D: Biological Psychology

A: Sensation and Perception

B: Sensation and Perception

C: Sensation and Perception

D: Sensation and Perception

A: Consciousness

B: Consciousness

C: Consciousness

D: Consciousness

A: Learning

B: Learning

C: Learning

A: Memory

B: Memory

C: Memory

D: Memory

A: Thinking,reasoning,and Language

B: Language,thinking,and Reasoning

C: Language,thinking,and Reasoning

D: Language,thinking,and Reasoning

A: Intelligence and Iq Testing

B: Intelligence and Iq Testing

C: Intelligence and Iq Testing

D: Intelligence and Iq Testing

A: Human Development

B: Human Development

C: Human Development

D: Human Development

A: Emotion and Motivation

B: Emotion and Motivation

C: Emotion and Motivation

D: Emotion and Motivation

A: Stress,coping,and Health

B: Stress,coping,and Health

C: Stress,coping,and Health

D: Stress,coping,and Health

A: Social Psychology

B: Social Psychology

C: Social Psychology

D: Social Psychology

A: Personality

B: Personality

C: Personality

D: Personality

A: Psychological Disorders

B: Psychological Disorders

C: Psychological Disorders

D: Psychological Disorders

A: Psychological and Biological Treatments

B: Psychological and Biological Treatments

occurs when stimuli similar to an original CS elicits a response,whereas occurs when a less pronounced response to stimuli that differ from the original CS is exhibited.