Question 1

Which aspect of nature does not reveal itself completely at birth?

Accepted Answer

A)  attractiveness 
B)  nearsightedness 
C)  brain damage 
D)  intelligence 
A)  attractiveness 
B)  nearsightedness 
C)  brain damage 
D)  intelligence D

Question 2

Which statement provides an example of a cognitive change mechanism?

Accepted Answer

A)  Synapses that are not needed are reduced. 
B)  Individuals generalize from one instance to another. 
C)  Children who are athletic seek out athletic activities. 
D)  Parents use social scaffolding to help children learn. 
A)  Synapses that are not needed are reduced. 
B)  Individuals generalize from one instance to another. 
C)  Children who are athletic seek out athletic activities. 
D)  Parents use social scaffolding to help children learn. B

Question 3

Which infant is unable to actively influence his environment?

Accepted Answer

A)  Andrew, who is blind 
B)  Bobby, who is paralyzed 
C)  Elias, who is severely cognitively impaired 
D)  Andrew, Bobby, and Elias are all able to actively influence their environments. 
A)  Andrew, who is blind 
B)  Bobby, who is paralyzed 
C)  Elias, who is severely cognitively impaired 
D)  Andrew, Bobby, and Elias are all able to actively influence their environments. D

Question 4

In regard to genetic influence on individual differences over time, the degree of genetic influence typically:

Accepted Answer

A)  remains stable from infancy through adulthood. 
B)  increases from infancy through adulthood. 
C)  decreases from infancy through adulthood. 
D)  increases from infancy through childhood, and then decreases from childhood through adulthood. 
A)  remains stable from infancy through adulthood. 
B)  increases from infancy through adulthood. 
C)  decreases from infancy through adulthood. 
D)  increases from infancy through childhood, and then decreases from childhood through adulthood.

Question 5

Which statement about the effect of timing on the relation between nature and nurture is TRUE?

Accepted Answer

A)  Nature influences the nurture of human beings only once they are born. 
B)  Nurture influences the nature of human beings only once they are born. 
C)  The effects of a particular kind of nurture depend on the nature of the child at the time of the experience. 
D)  A particular kind of nurture will generally exert its effect regardless of the nature of the child at the time of the experience. 
A)  Nature influences the nurture of human beings only once they are born. 
B)  Nurture influences the nature of human beings only once they are born. 
C)  The effects of a particular kind of nurture depend on the nature of the child at the time of the experience. 
D)  A particular kind of nurture will generally exert its effect regardless of the nature of the child at the time of the experience.

Question 6

Which statement does NOT provide an example of how children elicit reactions from other people?

Accepted Answer

A)  Attractive babies are treated more affectionately than are unattractive babies. 
B)  Children with difficult temperaments are treated less positively by their parents than are children with easy temperaments. 
C)  Children who show an interest in learning are more likely to be given extra assignments from their teachers than are children who do not show an interest in learning. 
D)  Children who have poor emotional regulation tend to have parents with poor emotional regulation. 
A)  Attractive babies are treated more affectionately than are unattractive babies. 
B)  Children with difficult temperaments are treated less positively by their parents than are children with easy temperaments. 
C)  Children who show an interest in learning are more likely to be given extra assignments from their teachers than are children who do not show an interest in learning. 
D)  Children who have poor emotional regulation tend to have parents with poor emotional regulation.

Question 7

Which statement provides an example of a behavioural change mechanism?

Accepted Answer

A)  Synapses that are not needed are reduced. 
B)  Individuals generalize from one instance to another. 
C)  Children who are athletic seek out athletic activities. 
D)  Parents use social scaffolding to help children learn. 
A)  Synapses that are not needed are reduced. 
B)  Individuals generalize from one instance to another. 
C)  Children who are athletic seek out athletic activities. 
D)  Parents use social scaffolding to help children learn.

Question 8

The association between parental involvement in school and academic achievement is:

Accepted Answer

A)  consistent across socioeconomic and ethnic groups. 
B)  stronger for low-income families than for affluent families. 
C)  stronger for European American families than for African American families. 
D)  stronger for families of girls than for families of boys. 
A)  consistent across socioeconomic and ethnic groups. 
B)  stronger for low-income families than for affluent families. 
C)  stronger for European American families than for African American families. 
D)  stronger for families of girls than for families of boys.

Question 9

Whether one primarily sees continuities or discontinuities in development is, to a great deal, dependent on which factor?

Accepted Answer

A)  domain of development 
B)  whether one is looking at infants, young children, older children, or adolescents 
C)  the breadth of one's focus 
D)  whether one considers nature or nurture to be at the core of development 
A)  domain of development 
B)  whether one is looking at infants, young children, older children, or adolescents 
C)  the breadth of one's focus 
D)  whether one considers nature or nurture to be at the core of development

Question 10

Which statement is NOT an example of the importance of timing on the relation between nature and nurture?

Accepted Answer

A)  Infants who are impulsive are more likely than other infants to exhibit antisocial behaviour in later childhood. 
B)  If infants who are born with a defect that inhibits their ability to focus their eyes on the same point are not given restorative surgery by the age of 3 years, they will never have normal depth perception. 
C)  Infants have the ability to hear differences in phonemes that are not important in their native language, but they lose this ability after 12 months of age. 
D)  Maternal rubella causes visual and auditory damage to the fetus when the rubella occurs early in pregnancy, but not when it occurs late in pregnancy. 
A)  Infants who are impulsive are more likely than other infants to exhibit antisocial behaviour in later childhood. 
B)  If infants who are born with a defect that inhibits their ability to focus their eyes on the same point are not given restorative surgery by the age of 3 years, they will never have normal depth perception. 
C)  Infants have the ability to hear differences in phonemes that are not important in their native language, but they lose this ability after 12 months of age. 
D)  Maternal rubella causes visual and auditory damage to the fetus when the rubella occurs early in pregnancy, but not when it occurs late in pregnancy.

Question 11

Describe a specific aspect of development that interests you (e.g., development of speech, development of friendships, development of understanding gravity), and describe three mechanisms of change that you believe may be involved.

Accepted Answer

Answers will vary. However, all answers

Question 12

Which statement BEST summarizes the relationship between nature and nurture and their effect on child development?

Accepted Answer

A)  Nature creates nurture. 
B)  Nature and nurture are in constant interaction. 
C)  Sometimes nature; sometimes nurture. 
D)  First nature, then nurture. 
A)  Nature creates nurture. 
B)  Nature and nurture are in constant interaction. 
C)  Sometimes nature; sometimes nurture. 
D)  First nature, then nurture.

Question 13

Which assertion is an assumption of stage theories?

Accepted Answer

A)  Not all children pass through stages in the same order. 
B)  Transitions between stages can take a long time. 
C)  When children are in a given stage, a broad range of their behaviour is consistent with that stage. 
D)  Transitions between stages are sporadic. 
A)  Not all children pass through stages in the same order. 
B)  Transitions between stages can take a long time. 
C)  When children are in a given stage, a broad range of their behaviour is consistent with that stage. 
D)  Transitions between stages are sporadic.

Question 14

Which statement provides an example of the contribution of metacognition to development?

Accepted Answer

A)  Children change their memory strategies as they realize which strategies will work in which situations. 
B)  Children habituate to stimuli with repeated exposure to them. 
C)  Children who are well liked by their peers tend to do better academically than do other children. 
D)  Children learn more from individuals with whom they have a positive relationship than from others. 
A)  Children change their memory strategies as they realize which strategies will work in which situations. 
B)  Children habituate to stimuli with repeated exposure to them. 
C)  Children who are well liked by their peers tend to do better academically than do other children. 
D)  Children learn more from individuals with whom they have a positive relationship than from others.

Question 15

Based on theories and research in child development, which statement is NOT good advice for educators?

Accepted Answer

A)  Identify sources of children's misunderstandings to enable instruction to be directed at the source of the misunderstanding. 
B)  Understand children's informal theories in order to be able to interpret their comments and correct their errors. 
C)  Help children learn individually, as trying to get children to learn together is frequently unproductive. 
D)  Keep children mentally and physically active in the learning process. 
A)  Identify sources of children's misunderstandings to enable instruction to be directed at the source of the misunderstanding. 
B)  Understand children's informal theories in order to be able to interpret their comments and correct their errors. 
C)  Help children learn individually, as trying to get children to learn together is frequently unproductive. 
D)  Keep children mentally and physically active in the learning process.

Question 16

An example of a biological change mechanism is:

Accepted Answer

A)  conditioning. 
B)  habituation. 
C)  synaptic pruning. 
D)  children's informal theories. 
A)  conditioning. 
B)  habituation. 
C)  synaptic pruning. 
D)  children's informal theories.

Question 17

When do nature and nurture begin interacting?

Accepted Answer

A)  prenatally 
B)  at birth 
C)  in infancy 
D)  after infancy 
A)  prenatally 
B)  at birth 
C)  in infancy 
D)  after infancy

Question 18

Which "words of advice" are implied by psychological research for parenting?

Accepted Answer

A)  Pay little attention to children's characteristics when disciplining; simply discipline as you see fit. 
B)  Determine which decisions are really important. 
C)  Allow children to develop on their own without much guidance from you. 
D)  Do not worry a great deal about choosing a partner, as most couples end up divorced anyway. 
A)  Pay little attention to children's characteristics when disciplining; simply discipline as you see fit. 
B)  Determine which decisions are really important. 
C)  Allow children to develop on their own without much guidance from you. 
D)  Do not worry a great deal about choosing a partner, as most couples end up divorced anyway.

Question 19

Which statement is NOT an example of nature eliciting nurture?

Accepted Answer

A)  Parents of negative, unregulated children may become increasingly punitive over time. 
B)  Fetuses' exposure to their mothers' voices in the womb leads to their learning to prefer their mothers' voices over those of other women. 
C)  Children who are attractive are treated differently by adults and peers than children who are unattractive. 
D)  Babies who enjoy being cuddled are more likely to receive cuddling than are squirmy babies. 
A)  Parents of negative, unregulated children may become increasingly punitive over time. 
B)  Fetuses' exposure to their mothers' voices in the womb leads to their learning to prefer their mothers' voices over those of other women. 
C)  Children who are attractive are treated differently by adults and peers than children who are unattractive. 
D)  Babies who enjoy being cuddled are more likely to receive cuddling than are squirmy babies.

Question 20

Which statement about who children imitate is TRUE?

Accepted Answer

A)  Children are more likely to imitate those with whom they have positive relationships. 
B)  Children rarely imitate people other than their parents. 
C)  Children imitate all adults and peers equally. 
D)  Children rarely imitate adults. 
A)  Children are more likely to imitate those with whom they have positive relationships. 
B)  Children rarely imitate people other than their parents. 
C)  Children imitate all adults and peers equally. 
D)  Children rarely imitate adults.

Which aspect of nature does not reveal itself completely at birth?

Which statement provides an example of a cognitive change mechanism?

Which infant is unable to actively influence his environment?

In regard to genetic influence on individual differences over time, the degree of genetic influence typically:

Which statement about the effect of timing on the relation between nature and nurture is TRUE?

Which statement does NOT provide an example of how children elicit reactions from other people?

Which statement provides an example of a behavioural change mechanism?

The association between parental involvement in school and academic achievement is:

Whether one primarily sees continuities or discontinuities in development is, to a great deal, dependent on which factor?

Which statement is NOT an example of the importance of timing on the relation between nature and nurture?

Describe a specific aspect of development that interests you (e.g., development of speech, development of friendships, development of understanding gravity), and describe three mechanisms of change that you believe may be involved.

Which statement BEST summarizes the relationship between nature and nurture and their effect on child development?

Which assertion is an assumption of stage theories?

Which statement provides an example of the contribution of metacognition to development?

Based on theories and research in child development, which statement is NOT good advice for educators?

An example of a biological change mechanism is:

When do nature and nurture begin interacting?

Which "words of advice" are implied by psychological research for parenting?

Which statement is NOT an example of nature eliciting nurture?

Which statement about who children imitate is TRUE?

An Introduction to Child Development

Prenatal Development and the Newborn Period

Biology and Behaviour

Theories of Cognitive Development

Seeing, Thinking, and Doing in Infancy

Development of Language and Symbol Use

Conceptual Development

Intelligence and Academic Achievement

Theories of Social Development

Emotional Development

Attachment to Others and Development of Self

The Family

Peer Relationships

Moral Development

Gender Development

Filters

Exam 16: Conclusions

Which aspect of nature does not reveal itself completely at birth?

Which statement provides an example of a cognitive change mechanism?

Which infant is unable to actively influence his environment?

In regard to genetic influence on individual differences over time, the degree of genetic influence typically:

Which statement about the effect of timing on the relation between nature and nurture is TRUE?

Which statement does NOT provide an example of how children elicit reactions from other people?

Which statement provides an example of a behavioural change mechanism?

The association between parental involvement in school and academic achievement is:

Whether one primarily sees continuities or discontinuities in development is, to a great deal, dependent on which factor?

Which statement is NOT an example of the importance of timing on the relation between nature and nurture?

Describe a specific aspect of development that interests you (e.g., development of speech, development of friendships, development of understanding gravity), and describe three mechanisms of change that you believe may be involved.

Which statement BEST summarizes the relationship between nature and nurture and their effect on child development?

Which assertion is an assumption of stage theories?

Which statement provides an example of the contribution of metacognition to development?

Based on theories and research in child development, which statement is NOT good advice for educators?

An example of a biological change mechanism is:

When do nature and nurture begin interacting?

Which "words of advice" are implied by psychological research for parenting?

Which statement is NOT an example of nature eliciting nurture?

Which statement about who children imitate is TRUE?

An Introduction to Child Development

Prenatal Development and the Newborn Period

Biology and Behaviour

Theories of Cognitive Development

Seeing, Thinking, and Doing in Infancy

Development of Language and Symbol Use

Conceptual Development

Intelligence and Academic Achievement

Theories of Social Development

Emotional Development

Attachment to Others and Development of Self

The Family

Peer Relationships

Moral Development

Gender Development

Filters