Exam 4: The Psychologists Toolbox: Tools for Building Better Designs

Use the following to answer questions Scenario III Scenario III is based on fabricated data inspired by the following study: Johnson, M. K., Rowatt, W. C. & LaBouff, J. P. (2012). Religiosity and prejudice revisited: In-group favoritism, out-of group derogation, or both? Psychology of Religion and Spirtuality, 4(2), 154-168. Does Religion Encourage Discrimination? The purpose of this study was to examine intergroup bias-the idea that people favor those who share their religious attitudes and beliefs, and discriminate against those who do not. In the first part the researchers administered a survey to 144 undergraduate psychology students from a Christian university designed to address their attitudes toward individuals whose religious affiliation and sexuality were consistent and inconsistent with their own. In the second study the researchers recruited 73 undergraduates from the same university. The participants performed a lexical decision task 24 hours after reporting their religious affiliation and attitudes toward Christians, Muslims, atheists, heterosexual men, and homosexual men via an online survey. The purpose of the lexical decision task was to prime half of the participants with a religious word and half of the participants with a neutral word. Immediately following the lexical decision task the participants were again asked about their attitudes toward the aforementioned religious groups and male sexual orientations. The results of the study support intergroup bias. Not only did Christian participants exhibit a more positive attitude toward those consistent with their Christian values and a negative attitude toward those with values inconsistent with their Christian beliefs, but religious priming also appeared to accentuate the intergroup bias. The results of the study suggest that Christianity, a belief based on human acceptance, may actually promote discrimination. -(Scenario III) Suppose Ken, a participant of this study, is a homosexual atheist who is not out of the closet. Understanding the culture of the university he is at, when asked about his sexual orientation he says he is a heterosexual Christian. The results of Ken's responses on the survey will likely produce:

By _____ the potential bias in a sample, researchers can _____ their confidence in the generalizability of their research conclusions.

A sampling plan is:

_____ is the process of keeping the experimental situation the same for everyone.

Jules wants to understanding the personality of people who go into the health sciences. Specifically, he hypothesizes that individuals in the health sciences are higher in the personality trait of conscientiousness than are individuals in other disciplines. Demonstrate how he may test his hypothesis using behavior trace data, behavioral observation, and behavioral choice.

What is the difference between probability and nonprobability sampling?

Ollie drafted a script for his study, which should ____ in his study.

Which of the following would likely provide the most accurate self-report data?

If Mauricio sets his watch to be fifteen minutes ahead of schedule, he has purposely created what type of error?

A nonexperimental research design can answer all of the following questions, EXCEPT:

Estefan wants to determine the presence of an anxiety disorder by revealing a persistently elevated heart rate and unusually high rates of cortisol. In this case, he is using which of the following to diagnose anxiety?

As a psychology professor who is also a researcher, you notice that your own students sometimes end up as participants in your research studies. Assuming that they want to impress you, which of the following should you worry about?

Angelique sets her bathroom scale to read five pounds lighter than it should. She thinks that this will bolster her self-confidence and mood. Which type of error is she making?

Explain how the "college sophomore problem" may negatively impact the field of psychology.

Which of the following would be considered behavioral trace evidence?

With regard to sampling, what does WEIRD mean?

The difference between stratified and cluster random sampling is that:

Observer bias is:

Which of the following is NOT an experimental design?

Bias is: