Exam 4: The Psychologists Toolbox: Tools for Building Better Designs

Use the following to answer questions Scenario III Scenario III is based on fabricated data inspired by the following study: Johnson, M. K., Rowatt, W. C. & LaBouff, J. P. (2012). Religiosity and prejudice revisited: In-group favoritism, out-of group derogation, or both? Psychology of Religion and Spirtuality, 4(2), 154-168. Does Religion Encourage Discrimination? The purpose of this study was to examine intergroup bias-the idea that people favor those who share their religious attitudes and beliefs, and discriminate against those who do not. In the first part the researchers administered a survey to 144 undergraduate psychology students from a Christian university designed to address their attitudes toward individuals whose religious affiliation and sexuality were consistent and inconsistent with their own. In the second study the researchers recruited 73 undergraduates from the same university. The participants performed a lexical decision task 24 hours after reporting their religious affiliation and attitudes toward Christians, Muslims, atheists, heterosexual men, and homosexual men via an online survey. The purpose of the lexical decision task was to prime half of the participants with a religious word and half of the participants with a neutral word. Immediately following the lexical decision task the participants were again asked about their attitudes toward the aforementioned religious groups and male sexual orientations. The results of the study support intergroup bias. Not only did Christian participants exhibit a more positive attitude toward those consistent with their Christian values and a negative attitude toward those with values inconsistent with their Christian beliefs, but religious priming also appeared to accentuate the intergroup bias. The results of the study suggest that Christianity, a belief based on human acceptance, may actually promote discrimination. -(Scenario III) Suppose you are a confederate of this study and become a roommate of a Christian student who reports high religiosity and appears to exhibit intergroup bias and outgroup discrimination. After living with him for some time you decide to examine the behavioral traces he leaves that may provide evidence of his intergroup bias. Which of the following behavioral traces may be MOST informative for the goal of this study?

Probability sampling is when:

APA-style reports begin with a:

Participant reactivity is:

Which portion of an APA-style report provides background information from previous research on the topic under investigation?

The floor effect is:

The "refer a friend" model of sampling is known as:

What are demand characteristics?

Researchers are LEAST likely to be able to control:

Which of the following is NOT a quasi-independent variable?

Why would a researcher use both self-report and behavioral measures to investigate the same phenomenon?

Which of the following is an example of probability sampling?

Use the following to answer questions Scenario III Scenario III is based on fabricated data inspired by the following study: Johnson, M. K., Rowatt, W. C. & LaBouff, J. P. (2012). Religiosity and prejudice revisited: In-group favoritism, out-of group derogation, or both? Psychology of Religion and Spirtuality, 4(2), 154-168. Does Religion Encourage Discrimination? The purpose of this study was to examine intergroup bias-the idea that people favor those who share their religious attitudes and beliefs, and discriminate against those who do not. In the first part the researchers administered a survey to 144 undergraduate psychology students from a Christian university designed to address their attitudes toward individuals whose religious affiliation and sexuality were consistent and inconsistent with their own. In the second study the researchers recruited 73 undergraduates from the same university. The participants performed a lexical decision task 24 hours after reporting their religious affiliation and attitudes toward Christians, Muslims, atheists, heterosexual men, and homosexual men via an online survey. The purpose of the lexical decision task was to prime half of the participants with a religious word and half of the participants with a neutral word. Immediately following the lexical decision task the participants were again asked about their attitudes toward the aforementioned religious groups and male sexual orientations. The results of the study support intergroup bias. Not only did Christian participants exhibit a more positive attitude toward those consistent with their Christian values and a negative attitude toward those with values inconsistent with their Christian beliefs, but religious priming also appeared to accentuate the intergroup bias. The results of the study suggest that Christianity, a belief based on human acceptance, may actually promote discrimination. -(Scenario III) A self-report measure was used to assess religiosity. A major advantage of self-report methods is:

Standardization leads to _____ error, and scorer bias leads to ____ error.

A behavioral choice is:

Which of the following statements is correct?

What is nonresponse bias and why is it an issue for researchers?

Purposive sampling is used when:

Angelique is running a research study in which current participants are asked to recruit their friends for participation. What type of sampling is she using?

Each of the following is a type of sampling, EXCEPT: