Exam 4: The Psychologists Toolbox: Tools for Building Better Designs

A behavioral measure is:

A representative sample is one that is:

_____ is when researchers select participants who are readily available and easily accessible.

A reliable measure is like a _____ friend.

Nonresponse bias _____ a researcher's confidence in his/her ability to generalize the results of a study to the targeted population.

Muhammad is conducting a research study and would like to minimize the effect of social desirability bias on his results. Which of the following should he do?

A primary advantage of self-report measures over behavioral measures is:

The foundation for any research design is:

_____ is any outside influence that affects the true score in a consistent way, whereas _____ is variation from the measure's true score due to unsystematic or chance factors.

What is retrospective bias?

Viola hypothesizes that individuals who become police officers are more aggressive than people who choose other professions. A representative sample for her study would be:

Which type of data are open to the LEAST amount of interpretation?

The portion of the APA-style report that ensures authors are avoiding plagiarism by giving credit where credit is due is called the:

Use the following to answer questions Scenario II Scenario II is based on fabricated data inspired by the following study: Holtfreter, K., Reisig, M. D. & Turanovic, J. J. (2015). Depression and infrequent participation in social activities among older adults: the moderating role of high-quality familial ties. Aging and Mental Health, Oct 15:1-10. [Epub ahead of print]. The purpose of this study was to examine the relationship between family ties and depression in the elderly. To that end, Holtfreter and colleagues randomly dialed telephone numbers from Florida and Arizona telephone directory databases that contained a combined total of 4130 phone numbers. Of the 4130 numbers dialed, 2000 individuals older than 60 years answered the call and agreed to participate in the telephone survey. The survey included questions that assessed one's level of social activity, depression, and family ties. The results revealed that elderly individuals who reported being very happy with their children and with their partner were significantly less depressed than those whose family ties were less strong. In addition, the researchers found that those who were depressed were less likely to participate in social activities. The results of this study suggest that family is an important contributor to psychological and social well-being. -(Scenario II) Which of the following is a potential disadvantage to how data were collected in Scenario II?

Random error is to chance as:

Use the following to answer questions Scenario I Scenario I is based on fabricated data inspired by the following study: Garza-Villarreal, E. A., Wilson, A. D., Vase, L., et al. (2014). Music reduces pain and increases functional mobility in fibromyalgia. Frontiers in Psychology, 5(90), 1-10. Music Reduces Fibromyalgia Pain Garza-Villarreal and colleagues examined the effect of music on pain and mobility in 22 individuals with fibromyalgia. The study was designed so that pain intensity, pain unpleasantness, and mobility were measured twice for each participant. The first set of measurements were obtained after they listened to white noise for 10 minutes, and the second set of measurements were obtained after they listened to music for 10 minutes. The music each participant listened to was of their own choosing with the instruction that the piece selected should be calming to them. The study was counterbalanced so that half of the participants heard the white noise first and half heard the music first. Pain intensity and unpleasantness was measured using the Verbal Rating Scale. Participants indicate their levels of pain intensity and pain unpleasantness by writing their response to various questions using a 10-point scale. Higher scores indicated higher levels of pain intensity and unpleasantness. Mobility was measured by timing how long it took participants to walk three meters from a sitting position and then back to their chair. The results revealed that pain intensity and unpleasantness changed significantly after participants listened to music, but not after they listened to white noise. In addition, music, but not white noise, reduced the time it took to complete the behavioral task. This study suggests that music improves mobility in fibromyalgia patients presumably by reducing pain perception. -(Scenario I) Assuming participants were randomly assigned to one of the three treatment conditions, what design did the researchers in Scenario I use?

Measuring how loud one yells when asked to cheer alone as compared to in a group is an example of:

Pedro is conducting a longitudinal study in which he will assess his participants numerous times with the same measures. When looking over his results he realizes that a measure that should produce similar results over time does not. What is wrong with Pedro's measure?

Use the following to answer questions Scenario I Scenario I is based on fabricated data inspired by the following study: Garza-Villarreal, E. A., Wilson, A. D., Vase, L., et al. (2014). Music reduces pain and increases functional mobility in fibromyalgia. Frontiers in Psychology, 5(90), 1-10. Music Reduces Fibromyalgia Pain Garza-Villarreal and colleagues examined the effect of music on pain and mobility in 22 individuals with fibromyalgia. The study was designed so that pain intensity, pain unpleasantness, and mobility were measured twice for each participant. The first set of measurements were obtained after they listened to white noise for 10 minutes, and the second set of measurements were obtained after they listened to music for 10 minutes. The music each participant listened to was of their own choosing with the instruction that the piece selected should be calming to them. The study was counterbalanced so that half of the participants heard the white noise first and half heard the music first. Pain intensity and unpleasantness was measured using the Verbal Rating Scale. Participants indicate their levels of pain intensity and pain unpleasantness by writing their response to various questions using a 10-point scale. Higher scores indicated higher levels of pain intensity and unpleasantness. Mobility was measured by timing how long it took participants to walk three meters from a sitting position and then back to their chair. The results revealed that pain intensity and unpleasantness changed significantly after participants listened to music, but not after they listened to white noise. In addition, music, but not white noise, reduced the time it took to complete the behavioral task. This study suggests that music improves mobility in fibromyalgia patients presumably by reducing pain perception. -(Scenario I) The researchers in Scenario I recruited participants from a fibromyalgia support group. This method of obtaining participants is most accurately described as:

Xavier designs a measure that has two response options, either yes or no. When he analyzes his data he is likely to find: