Exam 1: The Beginning: the Science of Human Development

Empirical evidence is based on _____.

According to Piaget, intellectual advancement occurs lifelong because humans seek cognitive _____.

_____ are the foundation of cognitive theory.

A balloon popped and made Bobby cry. It happened again when he was at a friend's birthday party. Now when Bobby sees a balloon he starts to cry. Bobby cries in response to the balloon because of _____.

Within the context of Maslow's hierarchy, people who visit friends on the weekend are focused on a(n) _____.

The fourth step in the scientific method involves _____.

The needs in Maslow's hierarchy are physiological, safety, love and belonging, esteem, and self-actualization.

Maslow said that one sign of self-actualization is that the person has a(n) _____ in which life is so intensely joyful that time stops and self-seeking disappears.

An influential cognitive theory, called _____, is not a stage theory but rather provides a detailed description of the steps of cognition.

A system of shared beliefs, conventions, norms, behaviors, expectations, and symbolic representations is the definition of _____.

Jason learned that emotions impact performance. From this, he developed the idea that students who are sad when they take a test will perform poorly compared with those who take it while happy. In this example, Jason used a theory to produce a _____.

Within Erikson's theory of psychosocial development, each of the developmental stages is characterized by a particular challenge or _____.

Explain social learning theory. Who first described it, where does it come from, and what does it emphasize?

An example of a dependent variable in an experiment might be _____.

The boss praised his hourly employees for their good work. The boss hopes that the praise encourages the employees to continue to work hard. In this example, the reinforcement is _____.

According to the dynamic-systems approach, human development is a static process.

The term cohort refers to individuals born in the same geographical region and within the same social class.

A person takes an action that is followed by a response in _____conditioning.

A group of people born at about the same time that experience the same historical events and cultural shifts is known as a _____.

Nithin received praise for his aggressive defense in the basketball game. This encouraged him to play aggressive defense in the next game. In this example, praise was operating as a _____ for Nithin.