Question 1

Which of the following is not an effective component of a brainwashing program?

Accepted Answer

A)  Escalating, very gradually, the demands made of the prisoner 
B)  Offering large bribes for compliance with requests 
C)  Eliciting regular participation from the prisoner rather than allowing him or her to be a passive recipient of propaganda 
D)  Having prisoners write self-criticism or utter public confessions

Question 2

Describe both the foot-in-the-door phenomenon and the low-ball technique. Provide an example of each and contrast how they differ.

Accepted Answer

The answer of Describe both the foot-in-the-door phenomenon and the...

Question 3

The insufficient justification effect refers to the

Accepted Answer

A)  reduction of dissonance by internally justifying one's behaviour when external justification is "insufficient." 
B)  reduction of dissonance whenever needed. 
C)  reduction of dissonance under extremely stressful situations. 
D)  none of the choices are correct.

Question 4

According to the low-ball technique, people who receive a costly request are more likely to comply with it.

Accepted Answer

A) True 
 B)False

Question 5

According to Steele's self-affirmation theory, the need to justify dissonant acts is

Accepted Answer

A)  decreased if one's self-worth has been recently affirmed. 
B)  increased if one's self-worth has been recently affirmed. 
C)  unaffected if one's self-worth has been recently affirmed. 
D)  decreased if one's self-worth has been recently threatened.

Question 6

Based on the findings of James Laird's research on self-perception, if you want to feel happier you should

Accepted Answer

A)  compare yourself to those who are worse off. 
B)  act happy by smiling. 
C)  assume an unhappy expression like frowning. 
D)  reward yourself after you have met your goals.

Question 7

James is a Caucasian male who is involved in a study that is testing racial attitudes. He has been overtly asked what his attitudes about Aboriginal populations are, and then given a reaction time test where he has to select positive words that correspond to Aboriginal or Caucasian faces. This latter test is an example of what method of assessing racial attitudes?

Accepted Answer

A)  bona fide pipeline 
B)  bogus pipeline 
C)  implicit association test 
D)  reactive attitude test

Question 8

Milford has always strongly believed that it is wrong to cheat. But after he himself cheats on a chemistry quiz, his attitude toward cheating becomes significantly less harsh. What best accounts for this attitude shift?

Accepted Answer

A)  cognitive dissonance theory 
B)  self-perception theory 
C)  reinforcement theory 
D)  role-playing theory

Question 9

If you want to improve your ability to empathize with others, self-perception theory recommends

Accepted Answer

A)  self-perceptiveness training. 
B)  overjustification of the other's behaviour. 
C)  sitting in front of a mirror while talking with others. 
D)  letting your face mirror the expressions of the person you're trying to empathize with.

Question 10

According to the foot-in-the-door principle, if you get someone to agree to a small request, he or she will

Accepted Answer

A)  later comply with a larger request. 
B)  expect you to return the favour later. 
C)  experience reactance and refuse requests for all later favours. 
D)  see himself or herself as altruistic and do similar favours for other people.

Question 11

The general concept of consistency between attitudes and behaviour is important to both self-presentation theory and cognitive dissonance theory. Compare and contrast how these two theories use this concept.

Accepted Answer

The answer of The general concept of consistency between attitudes...

Question 12

Extrinsic motivation is when

Accepted Answer

A)  you engage in a task because of the way the activity makes you feel. 
B)  you engage in a task because of the reward. 
C)  you engage in a task because there is nothing else you will rather do. 
D)  you engage in a task because you have been told to do so.

Question 13

Freedman asked young children not to play with an enticing robot toy by threatening some with severe punishment and others with only a mild penalty. Much later, the same children had an opportunity to play with the robot again, this time with no threat of punishment. Results showed that the children

Accepted Answer

A)  given the mild deterrent were first to play with the robot. 
B)  given the mild deterrent mostly resisted playing with it. 
C)  who played with the robot later feared being punished. 
D)  previously given the severe threat showed a great deal of anxiety when they neared the robot.

Question 14

According to self-perception theory, there can be both intrinsic and extrinsic motivations for behaviour. Discuss these motivations and compare how each is related to the attributions people make about their behaviours.

Accepted Answer

The answer of According to self-perception theory, there can be...

Question 15

The possible conditions under which attitudes will predict behaviour are:

Accepted Answer

A)  When we minimize other influences on our attitude statements and our behaviour. 
B)  When the attitude is specifically relevant to the observed behaviour. 
C)  All of the choices are correct 
D)  None of the choices are correct.

Question 16

Sally has recently started to tease and hurt her sister. If this behaviour continues, it is likely that Sally will

Accepted Answer

A)  develop an increasing dislike for her sister. 
B)  experience a loss of personal control. 
C)  show a significant loss of self-esteem. 
D)  fall victim to the overjustification effect.

Question 17

People who stopped to buy a cookie at a bake sale were told, "Thank you for supporting your local women's centre." They will more likely respond to a later appeal for donations for the women's centre than people who had not been to the bake sale. This illustrates

Accepted Answer

A)  the foot-in-the-door phenomenon 
B)  the recency effect 
C)  classical conditioning 
D)  the power of selective exposure to information.

Question 18

Norms are rules for behaviour that is accepted and expected.

Accepted Answer