Question 1

Research suggests that children will usually model what parents

Accepted Answer

A)  say and not what the parents do. 
B)  do rather than what the parents say. 
C)  wish the child would do. 
D)  tell older siblings to do.

Question 2

Three-year-old Johnny was classically conditioned to salivate to a bell that was paired with lemon juice.After this conditioned response was extinguished, the experimenter presented the bell the following day, and Johnny responded by salivating again to the bell, at least at first.Johnny's return to the learned response is known as

Accepted Answer

A)  latent learning. 
B)  response chaining. 
C)  spontaneous recovery. 
D)  stimulus control.

Question 3

Intracranial self-stimulation is a very powerful reinforcer because it activates the same pleasure pathways in the brain that are activated by natural primary reinforcers.These pleasure pathways are located in which part of the brain?

Accepted Answer

A)  pineal gland 
B)  frontal lobes 
C)  reticular formation 
D)  limbic system

Question 4

When you get traffic tickets, you not only have to pay fines, but you also incur higher insurance rates.This loss of money due to speeding would be an example of

Accepted Answer

A)  response cost. 
B)  positive punishment. 
C)  negative reinforcement. 
D)  extinction.

Question 5

Skills, such as tying a tie or playing a guitar, are most easily learned through

Accepted Answer

A)  classical conditioning. 
B)  verbal instruction. 
C)  modeling. 
D)  instrumental learning.

Question 6

When a stimulus consistently precedes rewarded responses, it tends to elicit a response.When a stimulus consistently precedes non-reward, it tends to inhibit responding.This states the principle of

Accepted Answer

A)  partial reinforcement. 
B)  variable ratio responding. 
C)  stimulus control. 
D)  generalization.

Question 7

Which of the following is NOT a common side effect of punishment?

Accepted Answer

A)  escape learning 
B)  avoidance learning 
C)  aggression 
D)  accelerated extinction

Question 8

Regarding children's exposure to the media, which of the following statements is FALSE?

Accepted Answer

A)  Today's children and young adults spend less time in the classroom than they do engaged with various media, including television, video games, movies, the Internet, music, and print. 
B)  By the time the average American has graduated from high school, she or he will have "witnessed" thousands of murders and countless acts of robbery, arson, bombing, torture, and beatings in the media. 
C)  G-rated cartoons average 30 minutes of violence per hour. 
D)  Experiencing media violence does not invariably "cause" any given person to become more aggressive, but it can make aggression more likely.

Question 9

A puff of air will make your eye blink every time it hits your eye.If we sound a horn before each puff of air hits your eye several times, you will soon blink to the horn alone.Thus, blinking to the horn illustrates

Accepted Answer

A)  an automatic, non-learned response. 
B)  learning by consequences. 
C)  classical conditioning. 
D)  operant conditioning.

Question 10

In daily life, learning is usually based on a pattern of reinforcement, in which only a portion of all responses are reinforced.This pattern is referred to as __________ reinforcement.

Accepted Answer

A)  incongruent 
B)  conditional 
C)  partial 
D)  semi-continual

Question 11

From a response contingent viewpoint, which of the following tells a person or an animal that a response was "right" and worth repeating?

Accepted Answer

A)  conditioned stimulus 
B)  reinforcer 
C)  operant 
D)  acquisitional cue

Question 12

Choosing a target behavior, recording a baseline, establishing goals, choosing reinforcers, recording progress, rewarding progress, and adjusting one's plan are the steps making up a procedure known as

Accepted Answer

A)  behavioral self-management. 
B)  top-down processing. 
C)  cognitive mapping. 
D)  perceptual habituation.

Question 13

A child watches other children wince with pain as they receive hypodermic injections.Although the child has never received an injection, he responds emotionally when a needle is brought near him.His reaction is an example of

Accepted Answer

A)  operant conditioning. 
B)  spontaneous recovery of fear. 
C)  simple classical conditioning. 
D)  vicarious classical conditioning.

Question 14

When a rat is on an FI-20-second schedule for bar pressing, which of the following statements is FALSE?

Accepted Answer

A)  The rat will be reinforced continuously for 20 seconds and then receive no more reinforcement. 
B)  The rat will have to wait 20 seconds after the last reinforced response before a bar press will pay off again. 
C)  The rat can press the bar as often as it wants within the interval, but it will not be rewarded until after 20 seconds has passed. 
D)  The rat is on a partial reinforcement schedule.

Question 15

Drawbacks to punishment include all of the following EXCEPT that

Accepted Answer

A)  punishment may encourage aggression. 
B)  people and situations associated with punishment may become feared or disliked. 
C)  punishment may encourage escape and avoidance learning. 
D)  punishment has not been shown to be effective in suppressing behaviors.

Question 16

When people dial a phone number and get a busy signal, they may have to wait 30 seconds or 30 minutes in order to get through with most people doggedly dialing over and over again until they get a connection.This illustrates that the reward of "getting through" to the other person is on which schedule of reinforcement?

Accepted Answer

A)  variable interval 
B)  variable ratio 
C)  fixed interval 
D)  continuous

Question 17

A child learns to be afraid of spiders by observing his parents' highly emotional and negative response to them.This demonstrates

Accepted Answer

A)  spontaneous recovery. 
B)  higher-order conditioning. 
C)  vicarious classical conditioning. 
D)  stimulus generalization.

Question 18

Concerning the effects of video game and television on aggression, which of the following statements is FALSE?

Accepted Answer

A)  The more personalized, intimate experience of video games may heighten the impact of the violence. 
B)  By practicing violence against other people, video game players may learn to be aggressive in real life. 
C)  The repeated exposure to violence in video games and television sensitizes viewers and makes them more likely to react negatively to violence and, hence, less prone to engaging in it. 
D)  As with television, younger children appear to be more susceptible to the fantasy violence shown in video games.

Question 19

Your tendency to study more before a scheduled test, to study less right after that test, and then start another studying frenzy right before the next test illustrates the typical pattern of which schedule of reinforcement?

Accepted Answer

A)  fixed ratio 
B)  fixed interval 
C)  variable ratio 
D)  variable interval

Question 20

How does a child raised in the city learn to fear snakes and respond emotionally to mere pictures of them?

Accepted Answer

A)  The child was told repeatedly that "snakes are dangerous." 
B)  The child observed others reacting emotionally to the word snake or to snake images in the media. 
C)  The child, like all humans, is born with a fear of snakes and other reptiles. 
D)  The child has been bitten by other animals and generalizes this fear to all animals, including snakes.

Exam 6: Conditioning and Learning.