Question 1

Every time you give advice to a friend she suddenly turns cold and distant.Lately, you have stopped offering her advice because your advice was rejected, which is a form of negative punishment.

Accepted Answer

A) True 
 B)False

Question 2

For optimal conditioning, the minimum delay between the CS and US should be

Accepted Answer

A)  a half second to five seconds. 
B)  15 to 30 seconds. 
C)  40 to 50 seconds. 
D)  one to two minutes.

Question 3

Learning to recognize different automobile brands, animals, types of music, and even the answers on psychology tests all depend, in part, on

Accepted Answer

A)  respondent conditioning. 
B)  systematic desensitization. 
C)  operant stimulus discrimination. 
D)  primary positive reinforcements.

Question 4

If a parent follows misbehavior with an unpleasant consequence, such as scolding or spanking, the parent is using

Accepted Answer

A)  negative punishment. 
B)  positive punishment. 
C)  response cost. 
D)  negative punishment.

Question 5

When using behavioral self-management, one primarily utilizes the principles of classical conditioning.

Accepted Answer

A) True 
 B)False

Question 6

Your hand draws back from pain, bright light causes the pupil of your eye to narrow, and a puff of air directed at your eye will make you blink.All of these are examples of

Accepted Answer

A)  reflexes. 
B)  operants. 
C)  neurological expectancies. 
D)  cognitive maps.

Question 7

Regarding televised aggression, which of the following statements is FALSE?

Accepted Answer

A)  Repeated exposure to media violence may desensitize individuals, making them less likely to react negatively to violence and more prone to engage in it. 
B)  Compared to its violent content, the competitiveness, difficulty, and pacing of a video game have been shown to have much less influence, if any, on the aggressiveness displayed by the players. 
C)  In recent years, the violent crime rate among youth has declined even as sales of violent video games have risen. 
D)  Until further research can more definitively disentangle several issues, the question of whether playing violent videogames triggers aggression towards others remains unresolved.

Question 8

Regarding pain, frustration, and punishment, which of the following statements is FALSE?

Accepted Answer

A)  Animals, even pets, often react to pain by attacking whomever or whatever else is around. 
B)  Humans who are in pain are more likely to withdraw from others than to lash out at them. 
C)  One of the most common responses to frustration is aggression. 
D)  Since punishment is painful, frustrating, or both, punishment sets up a powerful environment for learning aggression.

Question 9

Human superstitious behaviors can be partially explained by

Accepted Answer

A)  their apparent connection to the reinforcement within a response chain. 
B)  the effects of latent learning on this sequence of events. 
C)  the tendency of a reward to reinforce only the response that immediately precedes it. 
D)  all of these.

Question 10

Philip is in the third grade, and he is reinforced by his mother with a quarter for every "A" he makes on a test, quiz, homework, or class work assignment he brings home.This reinforcement of Phillip's grades illustrates which of the following?

Accepted Answer

A)  the partial reinforcement effect 
B)  a variable interval schedule 
C)  continuous reinforcement 
D)  a fixed ratio schedule

Question 11

Which of the following instances would be the most effective use of mild punishment in a behavioral contract?

Accepted Answer

A)  A person wanting to lose weight sends money to a political candidate he detests if he does not meet a specific loss of weight by a weekly weigh-in. 
B)  A person uses a metal cigarette holder with a tip that is heated by the burning tobacco to make smoking unpleasant. 
C)  A person records the feedback of those around him in order to change his outlook and mood. 
D)  A person has to spend an hour studying before he can watch a half hour of TV.

Question 12

In Pavlov's experiments with dogs, the conditioned stimulus was the

Accepted Answer

A)  food. 
B)  bell. 
C)  salivation to the food. 
D)  salivation to the bell.

Question 13

In which type of associative learning are the antecedents the most important aspect for the learning to take place?

Accepted Answer

A)  operant conditioning 
B)  classical conditioning 
C)  cognitive learning 
D)  instrumental learning

Question 14

The use of harsh or excessive punishment with children has been shown to lead to

Accepted Answer

A)  long-term mental health problems. 
B)  increased aggressiveness by the children toward others. 
C)  avoidance and escape behaviors. 
D)  all of these.

Question 15

Which of the following is an effective recommendation for the use of punishment?

Accepted Answer

A)  Use response cost with younger children but not with older ones. 
B)  Punish children in front of others to provide an example. 
C)  Parents should try to punish the same way for the same things. 
D)  If you punish your child and then find that he or she was innocent, ignore the punishment to put the incident behind you.

Question 16

Because you fed your dog table scraps while sitting at the kitchen table, your dog began to jump up and beg for scraps whenever you were eating dinner at the kitchen table.Lately, your dog has also begun to jump up and beg for scraps whenever you sit at any table or desk in the house.Your dog is exhibiting

Accepted Answer

A)  latent learning. 
B)  response chaining. 
C)  operant stimulus generalization. 
D)  operant stimulus discrimination.

Question 17

Latent learning involves learning without any obvious

Accepted Answer

A)  reinforcement. 
B)  practice. 
C)  response expectancies. 
D)  cognitive shaping.

Question 18

If you smoke cigarettes, psychologists would urge you to quit so your children won't learn to smoke by

Accepted Answer

A)  modeling. 
B)  direct reinforcement. 
C)  discovery learning. 
D)  respondent conditioning.

Question 19

In which of the following does the nature of learning involve a neutral stimulus becoming a conditioned stimulus (CS)through its association with an unconditioned stimulus (US)?

Accepted Answer

A)  classical conditioning 
B)  operant conditioning 
C)  cognitive learning 
D)  instrumental learning

Question 20

Fatima has developed a habit of taking longer and longer "breaks" to watch TV when she should be studying.Obviously, TV watching is reinforcing her break taking.To improve her study habits, Fatima could delay reinforcement by studying at the library or some other location a good distance from her TV.In this way, she will remove the reinforcement for "taking breaks." This strategy for breaking bad habits is known as

Accepted Answer

A)  modeling. 
B)  extinction. 
C)  shaping. 
D)  latent learning.

Exam 6: Conditioning and Learning.