Question 1

Stimulus discrimination

Accepted Answer

A) is a response followed by a reinforcer. 
B) occurs when responses are made to stimuli that are similar to the original CS. 
C) is the removal of a stimulus. 
D) occurs when responses are made to certain stimuli,but not to others. 
A) is a response followed by a reinforcer. 
B) occurs when responses are made to stimuli that are similar to the original CS. 
C) is the removal of a stimulus. 
D) occurs when responses are made to certain stimuli,but not to others.

Question 2

As she walked through her neighbourhood,Jodie,a 6-year-old girl,frequently saw a large brown dog.She repeatedly walked to the dog to pet it,but as her hand approached the animal,it barked and bit her.The bite was painful and caused her to cry.Now Jodie cries when she sees dogs of any colour or size.This illustrates which of the following?

Accepted Answer

A) generalization 
B) discrimination 
C) extinction 
D) spontaneous recovery 
A) generalization 
B) discrimination 
C) extinction 
D) spontaneous recovery

Question 3

This is the first exam you have ever taken in Professor Smith's class.You know nothing about her tests,and she has never done anything harmful to you or anyone else.Nonetheless,you are anxious about the test.Your anxiety in this situation is an example of

Accepted Answer

A) generalization. 
B) discrimination. 
C) backward conditioning. 
D) none of the above. 
A) generalization. 
B) discrimination. 
C) backward conditioning. 
D) none of the above.

Question 4

Corky's mouth waters when he sees Ball Park Franks,but not when he sees other brands of franks.This response is known as

Accepted Answer

A) extinction. 
B) discrimination. 
C) generalization. 
D) intelligence. 
A) extinction. 
B) discrimination. 
C) generalization. 
D) intelligence.

Question 5

Which learning principle is characterized by a less-pronounced response to stimuli that differ from the original stimulus?

Accepted Answer

A) habituation 
B) stimulus generalization 
C) extinction 
D) stimulus discrimination 
A) habituation 
B) stimulus generalization 
C) extinction 
D) stimulus discrimination

Question 6

To teach a tiger to jump through a flaming hoop,the tiger is first reinforced for jumping up on a certain pedestal,then for leaping from that pedestal to another.Next,the tiger has to jump through a hoop between the pedestals to get the reward.Finally,the hoop is set afire and the tiger must jump through it to get the reward.This is an example of

Accepted Answer

A) modelling. 
B) shaping. 
C) negative reinforcement. 
D) secondary learning. 
A) modelling. 
B) shaping. 
C) negative reinforcement. 
D) secondary learning.

Question 7

Elizabeth was given a $1000 raise after her last performance evaluation.Her raise is a

Accepted Answer

A) primary reinforcer. 
B) punisher. 
C) negative reinforcer. 
D) secondary reinforcer. 
A) primary reinforcer. 
B) punisher. 
C) negative reinforcer. 
D) secondary reinforcer.

Question 8

Training a rat to push a lever to escape from an electric shock is an example of

Accepted Answer

A) aversive punishment. 
B) negative reinforcement. 
C) positive reinforcement. 
D) response cost. 
A) aversive punishment. 
B) negative reinforcement. 
C) positive reinforcement. 
D) response cost.

Question 9

The process of learning to respond only to a single specific object or event is called _________ .

Accepted Answer

A) extinction 
B) inhibition 
C) stimulus generalization 
D) discrimination 
A) extinction 
B) inhibition 
C) stimulus generalization 
D) discrimination

Question 10

Spontaneous recovery

Accepted Answer

A) occurs before the pairing of the CS and US. 
B) occurs after a fixed-interval schedule of reinforcement. 
C) is an unlearned response. 
D) can occur once a response has been extinguished. 
A) occurs before the pairing of the CS and US. 
B) occurs after a fixed-interval schedule of reinforcement. 
C) is an unlearned response. 
D) can occur once a response has been extinguished.

Question 11

In Bandura's classic study (1965)of children exposed to a film of an adult hitting a Bobo doll,

Accepted Answer

A) children who saw the model punished learned to be more aggressive than children who saw the model rewarded. 
B) children who saw the model rewarded learned to be more aggressive than children who saw the model punished. 
C) children who saw the model punished performed more aggressively in a free play situation than children who saw the model rewarded. 
D) children who saw the model rewarded performed more aggressively in a free play situation than children who saw the model punished. 
A) children who saw the model punished learned to be more aggressive than children who saw the model rewarded. 
B) children who saw the model rewarded learned to be more aggressive than children who saw the model punished. 
C) children who saw the model punished performed more aggressively in a free play situation than children who saw the model rewarded. 
D) children who saw the model rewarded performed more aggressively in a free play situation than children who saw the model punished.

Question 12

Most young children put their hands over their ears when they hear the loud boom of firecrackers at a Canada Day festival,but at first pay scant attention to the person lighting the firecrackers.However,after just a few firecrackers have been exploded,some of the children put their hands over their ears as soon as they see the person approach the firecracker with a match! What is the conditioned stimulus?

Accepted Answer

A) the person lighting the firecrackers 
B) the loud booming sound made by the firecrackers 
C) the children putting their hands over their ears when they see the person about to light the firecrackers 
D) the children putting their hands over their ears when the firecrackers explode 
A) the person lighting the firecrackers 
B) the loud booming sound made by the firecrackers 
C) the children putting their hands over their ears when they see the person about to light the firecrackers 
D) the children putting their hands over their ears when the firecrackers explode

Question 13

Which two learning processes seem to be opposites?

Accepted Answer

A) acquisition and generalization 
B) discrimination and extinction 
C) discrimination and generalization 
D) acquisition and discrimination 
A) acquisition and generalization 
B) discrimination and extinction 
C) discrimination and generalization 
D) acquisition and discrimination

Question 14

Which scenario would result in the fastest acquisition of a classically conditioned response?

Accepted Answer

A) Hugh repeatedly rings a bell after he gives his dog a bone,over multiple trials. 
B) Hugh rings a bell and then gives his dog a treat 30 minutes later,over multiple trials. 
C) Hugh makes his dog "play dead" and then gives him a treat if he has performed the behaviour. 
D) Hugh makes two pieces of toast every morning,and when they pop out of the toaster,he throws one of the pieces of toast to his dog. 
A) Hugh repeatedly rings a bell after he gives his dog a bone,over multiple trials. 
B) Hugh rings a bell and then gives his dog a treat 30 minutes later,over multiple trials. 
C) Hugh makes his dog "play dead" and then gives him a treat if he has performed the behaviour. 
D) Hugh makes two pieces of toast every morning,and when they pop out of the toaster,he throws one of the pieces of toast to his dog.

Question 15

A woodchuck tries to crack a walnut shell in two different ways-with his paws and with his teeth.The last method worked and the first did not;hence,the woodchuck will be more likely to rely on his teeth for splitting the next nut.This observation illustrates the

Accepted Answer

A) the discrimination principle. 
B) the law of practice. 
C) the law of effect. 
D) the Premack principle. 
A) the discrimination principle. 
B) the law of practice. 
C) the law of effect. 
D) the Premack principle.

Question 16

Many individuals decide that they feel hungry and eat lunch when they see both hands of the clock on the 12,indicating that it is noontime.This may occur regardless of how recently they ate breakfast.In this example,the conditioned response is

Accepted Answer

A) the act of eating breakfast. 
B) the act of eating lunch. 
C) the counting of the number of hours since breakfast. 
D) the watching of the hands of the clock. 
A) the act of eating breakfast. 
B) the act of eating lunch. 
C) the counting of the number of hours since breakfast. 
D) the watching of the hands of the clock.

Question 17

A young girl is just learning to dress herself.At first,the parents call her a "big girl" just for putting on her clothes "frontwards," even if they are not buttoned.Then they call her a "big girl" if she tries to button them-even if the buttons are not in the right holes.Then,they call her a "big girl" only if she buttons them correctly.They have been using

Accepted Answer

A) discrimination. 
B) generalization. 
C) higher-order conditioning. 
D) successive approximation. 
A) discrimination. 
B) generalization. 
C) higher-order conditioning. 
D) successive approximation.

Question 18

Putting on sunglasses to relieve glare is an example of which of the types of punishment or reinforcement?

Accepted Answer

A) aversive punishment 
B) negative reinforcement 
C) positive reinforcement 
D) response cost 
A) aversive punishment 
B) negative reinforcement 
C) positive reinforcement 
D) response cost

Question 19

At the local zoo,a polar bear suffered a broken tooth,and keepers needed a safe way of treating the problem.The bear was rewarded first for sticking its nose through a slot in the cage door,then for allowing a keeper to lift its lip and touch its teeth.Finally,a veterinarian was able to treat the damaged tooth while the bear waited placidly for its familiar reward.This is an example of

Accepted Answer

A) modelling. 
B) shaping. 
C) negative reinforcement. 
D) secondary learning. 
A) modelling. 
B) shaping. 
C) negative reinforcement. 
D) secondary learning.

Question 20

According to observational theory,a child who pretends she is smoking because she saw her favourite TV star smoking would be learning through

Accepted Answer

A) reinforcement. 
B) punishment. 
C) imitation. 
D) practice. 
A) reinforcement. 
B) punishment. 
C) imitation. 
D) practice.

Exam 6: B: Learning

Stimulus discrimination

This is the first exam you have ever taken in Professor Smith's class.You know nothing about her tests,and she has never done anything harmful to you or anyone else.Nonetheless,you are anxious about the test.Your anxiety in this situation is an example of

Corky's mouth waters when he sees Ball Park Franks,but not when he sees other brands of franks.This response is known as

Which learning principle is characterized by a less-pronounced response to stimuli that differ from the original stimulus?

Elizabeth was given a $1000 raise after her last performance evaluation.Her raise is a

Training a rat to push a lever to escape from an electric shock is an example of

The process of learning to respond only to a single specific object or event is called _________ .

Spontaneous recovery

In Bandura's classic study (1965)of children exposed to a film of an adult hitting a Bobo doll,

Which two learning processes seem to be opposites?

Which scenario would result in the fastest acquisition of a classically conditioned response?

A woodchuck tries to crack a walnut shell in two different ways-with his paws and with his teeth.The last method worked and the first did not;hence,the woodchuck will be more likely to rely on his teeth for splitting the next nut.This observation illustrates the

Many individuals decide that they feel hungry and eat lunch when they see both hands of the clock on the 12,indicating that it is noontime.This may occur regardless of how recently they ate breakfast.In this example,the conditioned response is

Putting on sunglasses to relieve glare is an example of which of the types of punishment or reinforcement?

According to observational theory,a child who pretends she is smoking because she saw her favourite TV star smoking would be learning through

A: Introducing Psychological Science

B: Introducing Psychological Science

C: Introducing Psychological Science

D: Introducing Psychological Science

E: Introducing Psychological Science

A: Reading and Evaluating Scientific Research

B: Reading and Evaluating Scientific Research

C: Reading and Evaluating Scientific Research

D: Reading and Evaluating Scientific Research

E: Reading and Evaluating Scientific Research

A: Biological Psychology

B: Biological Psychology

C: Biological Psychology

D: Biological Psychology

E: Biological Psychology

A: Sensation and Perception

B: Sensation and Perception

C: Sensation and Perception

D: Sensation and Perception

A: Consciousness

B: Consciousness

C: Consciousness

D: Consciousness

A: Learning

C: Learning

D: Learning

A: Memory

B: Memory

C: Memory

D: Memory

A: Thought and Language

B: Thought and Language

C: Thought and Language

D: Thought and Language

E: Thought and Language

A: Intelligence Testing

B: Intelligence Testing

C: Intelligence Testing

D: Intelligence Testing

E: Intelligence Testing

A: Lifespan Development

B: Lifespan Development

C: Lifespan Development

D: Lifespan Development

E: Lifespan Development

A: Motivation and Emotion

B: Motivation and Emotion

C: Motivation and Emotion

D: Motivation and Emotion

E: Motivation and Emotion

A: Personality

B: Personality

C: Personality

D: Personality

E: Personality

A: Social Psychology

B: Social Psychology

C: Social Psychology

D: Social Psychology

E: Social Psychology

A: Health, Stress, and Coping

B: Health, Stress, and Coping

C: Health, Stress, and Coping

D: Health, Stress, and Coping