Exam 9: Language and Thinking

The person who first used the term "intelligence quotient" or IQ was:

Prior to 6 months of age,infants around the world are able to vocalize the phonemes of all languages,but at about 6 months of age they begin vocalizing _____________.

When Leslie's Dad gets home before 6:00 p.m.,it means he has finished a job early and is in a good mood.When Dad is in a good mood,he takes Leslie out for ice cream.While finishing her homework today,Leslie hears her father's car pull into the driveway.It is 5:30 p.m.So Leslie reasoned,tonight I get ice cream! Leslie was using ___________________ reasoning.

The four stages of the problem-solving process are:

Many critics have asserted that three of Howard Gardner's types of intelligence are not really part of intelligence at all.These three types are:

Given the choice,most people would rather receive information about themselves that validates their ideas about who they are,and they would rather avoid information that contradicts their self-beliefs.This tendency demonstrates an example of:

The measurement concept of reliability refers to how well a test actually measures the construct it was intended to measure.

According to the text,the first stage in the problem-solving process is _______________.

The prefix "un" in the word "unusual" is an example of a:

The concept of validity refers to how well a test measures what it is intended to measure.A specific type of validity that measures whether the items on a test measure all the knowledge or skills that are assumed to be part of the construct measured by a test is called ______________.

A classic problem called,"The Crow and the Trains" requires that you determine the total distance a crow would fly while flying back and forth between two converging trains.If you initially conceptualized it as a distance problem,it was very difficult to solve but if instead you framed the problem in terms of _________,it was relatively easy to arrive at the solution.

According to Robert Sternberg's triarchic theory of intelligence,the types of intelligence that can be demanded by the environment are:

In terms of the properties of languages,displacement is to symbolic as infinite is to ______________.

Recent research on the IQ differences observed between different ethnic groups indicates that the gap between the mean IQ scores of African Americans and white Americans has been _____________,suggesting that these differences may have been due to ___________ factors.

When the availability heuristic leads us astray,it is assumed that this happens because we confuse how readily something comes to mind from memory with:

The _____________ bias refers to our tendency to want to prove ideas and beliefs that we already hold instead of trying to disprove them.

The ability to apply previously learned knowledge to current problems,which involves both verbal reasoning and factual knowledge,is called:

Rosch studied the Dani people from New Guinea who had only two words for colour: one for bright colours and one for dark colours.Her results revealed that the Dani were capable of distinguishing the difference between a wide assortment of colours,providing evidence that contradicted _____________.

What is the linguistic relativity hypothesis? How has this hypothesis held up to empirical tests? Provide an example.

The term "belief bias" specifically refers to our tendency to: